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Documents authored by Molter, Hendrik

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SAND.2024.16
Temporal Graph Realization from Fastest Paths

Authors: Nina Klobas, George B. Mertzios, Hendrik Molter, and Paul G. Spirakis

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 292, 3rd Symposium on Algorithmic Foundations of Dynamic Networks (SAND 2024)

Abstract
In this paper we initiate the study of the temporal graph realization problem with respect to the fastest path durations among its vertices, while we focus on periodic temporal graphs. Given an n × n matrix D and a Δ ∈ ℕ, the goal is to construct a Δ-periodic temporal graph with n vertices such that the duration of a fastest path from v_i to v_j is equal to D_{i,j}, or to decide that such a temporal graph does not exist. The variations of the problem on static graphs has been well studied and understood since the 1960’s (e.g. [Erdős and Gallai, 1960], [Hakimi and Yau, 1965]). As it turns out, the periodic temporal graph realization problem has a very different computational complexity behavior than its static (i. e., non-temporal) counterpart. First we show that the problem is NP-hard in general, but polynomial-time solvable if the so-called underlying graph is a tree. Building upon those results, we investigate its parameterized computational complexity with respect to structural parameters of the underlying static graph which measure the "tree-likeness". We prove a tight classification between such parameters that allow fixed-parameter tractability (FPT) and those which imply W[1]-hardness. We show that our problem is W[1]-hard when parameterized by the feedback vertex number (and therefore also any smaller parameter such as treewidth, degeneracy, and cliquewidth) of the underlying graph, while we show that it is in FPT when parameterized by the feedback edge number (and therefore also any larger parameter such as maximum leaf number) of the underlying graph.
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Nina Klobas, George B. Mertzios, Hendrik Molter, and Paul G. Spirakis. Temporal Graph Realization from Fastest Paths. In 3rd Symposium on Algorithmic Foundations of Dynamic Networks (SAND 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 292, pp. 16:1-16:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{klobas_et_al:LIPIcs.SAND.2024.16,
  author =	{Klobas, Nina and Mertzios, George B. and Molter, Hendrik and Spirakis, Paul G.},
  title =	{{Temporal Graph Realization from Fastest Paths}},
  booktitle =	{3rd Symposium on Algorithmic Foundations of Dynamic Networks (SAND 2024)},
  pages =	{16:1--16:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-315-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{292},
  editor =	{Casteigts, Arnaud and Kuhn, Fabian},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SAND.2024.16},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-198945},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SAND.2024.16},
  annote =	{Keywords: Temporal graph, periodic temporal labeling, fastest temporal path, graph realization, temporal connectivity, parameterized complexity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2023.30
Counting Temporal Paths

Authors: Jessica Enright, Kitty Meeks, and Hendrik Molter

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 254, 40th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2023)

Abstract
The betweenness centrality of a vertex v is an important centrality measure that quantifies how many optimal paths between pairs of other vertices visit v. Computing betweenness centrality in a temporal graph, in which the edge set may change over discrete timesteps, requires us to count temporal paths that are optimal with respect to some criterion. For several natural notions of optimality, including foremost or fastest temporal paths, this counting problem reduces to #TEMPORAL PATH, the problem of counting all temporal paths between a fixed pair of vertices; like the problems of counting foremost and fastest temporal paths, #TEMPORAL PATH is #P-hard in general. Motivated by the many applications of this intractable problem, we initiate a systematic study of the parameterised and approximation complexity of #TEMPORAL PATH. We show that the problem presumably does not admit an FPT-algorithm for the feedback vertex number of the static underlying graph, and that it is hard to approximate in general. On the positive side, we prove several exact and approximate FPT-algorithms for special cases.
Cite as

Jessica Enright, Kitty Meeks, and Hendrik Molter. Counting Temporal Paths. In 40th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 254, pp. 30:1-30:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{enright_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2023.30,
  author =	{Enright, Jessica and Meeks, Kitty and Molter, Hendrik},
  title =	{{Counting Temporal Paths}},
  booktitle =	{40th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2023)},
  pages =	{30:1--30:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-266-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{254},
  editor =	{Berenbrink, Petra and Bouyer, Patricia and Dawar, Anuj and Kant\'{e}, Mamadou Moustapha},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2023.30},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-176829},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2023.30},
  annote =	{Keywords: Temporal Paths, Temporal Graphs, Parameterised Counting, Approximate Counting, #P-hard Counting Problems, Temporal Betweenness Centrality}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2022.18
Hardness of Interval Scheduling on Unrelated Machines

Authors: Danny Hermelin, Yuval Itzhaki, Hendrik Molter, and Dvir Shabtay

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 249, 17th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2022)

Abstract
We provide new (parameterized) computational hardness results for Interval Scheduling on Unrelated Machines. It is a classical scheduling problem motivated from just-in-time or lean manufacturing, where the goal is to complete jobs exactly at their deadline. We are given n jobs and m machines. Each job has a deadline, a weight, and a processing time that may be different on each machine. The goal is find a schedule that maximizes the total weight of jobs completed exactly at their deadline. Note that this uniquely defines a processing time interval for each job on each machine. Interval Scheduling on Unrelated Machines is closely related to coloring interval graphs and has been thoroughly studied for several decades. However, as pointed out by Mnich and van Bevern [Computers & Operations Research, 2018], the parameterized complexity for the number m of machines as a parameter remained open. We resolve this by showing that Interval Scheduling on Unrelated Machines is W[1]-hard when parameterized by the number m of machines. To this end, we prove W[1]-hardness with respect to m of the special case where we have parallel machines with eligible machine sets for jobs. This answers Open Problem 8 of Mnich and van Bevern’s list of 15 open problems in the parameterized complexity of scheduling [Computers & Operations Research, 2018]. Furthermore, we resolve the computational complexity status of the unweighted version of Interval Scheduling on Unrelated Machines by proving that it is NP-complete. This answers an open question by Sung and Vlach [Journal of Scheduling, 2005].
Cite as

Danny Hermelin, Yuval Itzhaki, Hendrik Molter, and Dvir Shabtay. Hardness of Interval Scheduling on Unrelated Machines. In 17th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 249, pp. 18:1-18:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{hermelin_et_al:LIPIcs.IPEC.2022.18,
  author =	{Hermelin, Danny and Itzhaki, Yuval and Molter, Hendrik and Shabtay, Dvir},
  title =	{{Hardness of Interval Scheduling on Unrelated Machines}},
  booktitle =	{17th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2022)},
  pages =	{18:1--18:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-260-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{249},
  editor =	{Dell, Holger and Nederlof, Jesper},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2022.18},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-173748},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2022.18},
  annote =	{Keywords: Just-in-time scheduling, Parallel machines, Eligible machine sets, W\lbrack1\rbrack-hardness, NP-hardness}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.62
The Complexity of Computing Optimum Labelings for Temporal Connectivity

Authors: Nina Klobas, George B. Mertzios, Hendrik Molter, and Paul G. Spirakis

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 241, 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)

Abstract
A graph is temporally connected if there exists a strict temporal path, i.e., a path whose edges have strictly increasing labels, from every vertex u to every other vertex v. In this paper we study temporal design problems for undirected temporally connected graphs. The basic setting of these optimization problems is as follows: given a connected undirected graph G, what is the smallest number |λ| of time-labels that we need to add to the edges of G such that the resulting temporal graph (G,λ) is temporally connected? As it turns out, this basic problem, called Minimum Labeling (ML), can be optimally solved in polynomial time. However, exploiting the temporal dimension, the problem becomes more interesting and meaningful in its following variations, which we investigate in this paper. First we consider the problem Min. Aged Labeling (MAL) of temporally connecting the graph when we are given an upper-bound on the allowed age (i.e., maximum label) of the obtained temporal graph (G,λ). Second we consider the problem Min. Steiner Labeling (MSL), where the aim is now to have a temporal path between any pair of "important" vertices which lie in a subset R ⊆ V, which we call the terminals. This relaxed problem resembles the problem Steiner Tree in static (i.e., non-temporal) graphs. However, due to the requirement of strictly increasing labels in a temporal path, Steiner Tree is not a special case of MSL. Finally we consider the age-restricted version of MSL, namely Min. Aged Steiner Labeling (MASL). Our main results are threefold: we prove that (i) MAL becomes NP-complete on undirected graphs, while (ii) MASL becomes W[1]-hard with respect to the number |R| of terminals. On the other hand we prove that (iii) although the age-unrestricted problem MSL remains NP-hard, it is in FPT with respect to the number |R| of terminals. That is, adding the age restriction, makes the above problems strictly harder (unless P=NP or W[1]=FPT).
Cite as

Nina Klobas, George B. Mertzios, Hendrik Molter, and Paul G. Spirakis. The Complexity of Computing Optimum Labelings for Temporal Connectivity. In 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 241, pp. 62:1-62:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{klobas_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.62,
  author =	{Klobas, Nina and Mertzios, George B. and Molter, Hendrik and Spirakis, Paul G.},
  title =	{{The Complexity of Computing Optimum Labelings for Temporal Connectivity}},
  booktitle =	{47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)},
  pages =	{62:1--62:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-256-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{241},
  editor =	{Szeider, Stefan and Ganian, Robert and Silva, Alexandra},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.62},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-168603},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.62},
  annote =	{Keywords: Temporal graph, graph labeling, foremost temporal path, temporal connectivity, Steiner Tree}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SAND.2022.17
Temporal Connectivity: Coping with Foreseen and Unforeseen Delays

Authors: Eugen Füchsle, Hendrik Molter, Rolf Niedermeier, and Malte Renken

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 221, 1st Symposium on Algorithmic Foundations of Dynamic Networks (SAND 2022)

Abstract
Consider planning a trip in a train network. In contrast to, say, a road network, the edges are temporal, i.e., they are only available at certain times. Another important difficulty is that trains, unfortunately, sometimes get delayed. This is especially bad if it causes one to miss subsequent trains. The best way to prepare against this is to have a connection that is robust to some number of (small) delays. An important factor in determining the robustness of a connection is how far in advance delays are announced. We give polynomial-time algorithms for the two extreme cases: delays known before departure and delays occurring without prior warning (the latter leading to a two-player game scenario). Interestingly, in the latter case, we show that the problem becomes PSPACE-complete if the itinerary is demanded to be a path.
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Eugen Füchsle, Hendrik Molter, Rolf Niedermeier, and Malte Renken. Temporal Connectivity: Coping with Foreseen and Unforeseen Delays. In 1st Symposium on Algorithmic Foundations of Dynamic Networks (SAND 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 221, pp. 17:1-17:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{fuchsle_et_al:LIPIcs.SAND.2022.17,
  author =	{F\"{u}chsle, Eugen and Molter, Hendrik and Niedermeier, Rolf and Renken, Malte},
  title =	{{Temporal Connectivity: Coping with Foreseen and Unforeseen Delays}},
  booktitle =	{1st Symposium on Algorithmic Foundations of Dynamic Networks (SAND 2022)},
  pages =	{17:1--17:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-224-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{221},
  editor =	{Aspnes, James and Michail, Othon},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SAND.2022.17},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-159598},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SAND.2022.17},
  annote =	{Keywords: Paths and walks in temporal graphs, static expansions of temporal graphs, two-player games, flow computations, dynamic programming, PSPACE-completeness}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.SAND.2022.19
Temporal Unit Interval Independent Sets

Authors: Danny Hermelin, Yuval Itzhaki, Hendrik Molter, and Rolf Niedermeier

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 221, 1st Symposium on Algorithmic Foundations of Dynamic Networks (SAND 2022)

Abstract
Temporal graphs have been recently introduced to model changes to a given network that occur throughout a fixed period of time. We introduce and investigate the Temporal Δ Independent Set problem, a temporal variant of the well known Independent Set problem. This problem is e.g. motivated in the context of finding conflict-free schedules for maximum subsets of tasks, that have certain (changing) constraints on each day they need to be performed. We are specifically interested in the case where each task needs to be performed in a certain time-interval on each day and two tasks are in conflict on a day if their time-intervals overlap on that day. This leads us to considering Temporal Δ Independent Set on the restricted class of temporal unit interval graphs, i.e., temporal graphs where each layer is unit interval. We present several hardness results for this problem, as well as two algorithms: The first is a constant-factor approximation algorithm for instances where τ, the total number of time steps (layers) of the temporal graph, and Δ, a parameter that allows us to model some tolerance in the conflicts, are constants. For the second result we use the notion of order preservation for temporal unit interval graphs that, informally, requires the intervals of every layer to obey a common ordering. We provide an FPT algorithm parameterized by the size of minimum vertex deletion set to order preservation.
Cite as

Danny Hermelin, Yuval Itzhaki, Hendrik Molter, and Rolf Niedermeier. Temporal Unit Interval Independent Sets. In 1st Symposium on Algorithmic Foundations of Dynamic Networks (SAND 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 221, pp. 19:1-19:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{hermelin_et_al:LIPIcs.SAND.2022.19,
  author =	{Hermelin, Danny and Itzhaki, Yuval and Molter, Hendrik and Niedermeier, Rolf},
  title =	{{Temporal Unit Interval Independent Sets}},
  booktitle =	{1st Symposium on Algorithmic Foundations of Dynamic Networks (SAND 2022)},
  pages =	{19:1--19:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-224-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{221},
  editor =	{Aspnes, James and Michail, Othon},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SAND.2022.19},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-159617},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.SAND.2022.19},
  annote =	{Keywords: Temporal Graphs, Vertex Orderings, Order Preservation, Interval Graphs, Algorithms and Complexity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2022.30
Delay-Robust Routes in Temporal Graphs

Authors: Eugen Füchsle, Hendrik Molter, Rolf Niedermeier, and Malte Renken

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 219, 39th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2022)

Abstract
Most transportation networks are inherently temporal: Connections (e.g. flights, train runs) are only available at certain, scheduled times. When transporting passengers or commodities, this fact must be considered for the the planning of itineraries. This has already led to several well-studied algorithmic problems on temporal graphs. The difficulty of the described task is increased by the fact that connections are often unreliable - in particular, many modes of transportation suffer from occasional delays. If these delays cause subsequent connections to be missed, the consequences can be severe. Thus, it is a vital problem to design itineraries that are robust to (small) delays. We initiate the study of this problem from a parameterized complexity perspective by proving its NP-completeness as well as several hardness and tractability results for natural parameterizations.
Cite as

Eugen Füchsle, Hendrik Molter, Rolf Niedermeier, and Malte Renken. Delay-Robust Routes in Temporal Graphs. In 39th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 219, pp. 30:1-30:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{fuchsle_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2022.30,
  author =	{F\"{u}chsle, Eugen and Molter, Hendrik and Niedermeier, Rolf and Renken, Malte},
  title =	{{Delay-Robust Routes in Temporal Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{39th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2022)},
  pages =	{30:1--30:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-222-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{219},
  editor =	{Berenbrink, Petra and Monmege, Benjamin},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2022.30},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-158403},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2022.30},
  annote =	{Keywords: algorithms and complexity, parameterized complexity, time-varying networks, temporal paths, journeys}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.75
The Complexity of Transitively Orienting Temporal Graphs

Authors: George B. Mertzios, Hendrik Molter, Malte Renken, Paul G. Spirakis, and Philipp Zschoche

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 202, 46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021)

Abstract
In a temporal network with discrete time-labels on its edges, entities and information can only "flow" along sequences of edges whose time-labels are non-decreasing (resp. increasing), i.e. along temporal (resp. strict temporal) paths. Nevertheless, in the model for temporal networks of [Kempe, Kleinberg, Kumar, JCSS, 2002], the individual time-labeled edges remain undirected: an edge e = {u,v} with time-label t specifies that "u communicates with v at time t". This is a symmetric relation between u and v, and it can be interpreted that the information can flow in either direction. In this paper we make a first attempt to understand how the direction of information flow on one edge can impact the direction of information flow on other edges. More specifically, naturally extending the classical notion of a transitive orientation in static graphs, we introduce the fundamental notion of a temporal transitive orientation and we systematically investigate its algorithmic behavior in various situations. An orientation of a temporal graph is called temporally transitive if, whenever u has a directed edge towards v with time-label t₁ and v has a directed edge towards w with time-label t₂ ≥ t₁, then u also has a directed edge towards w with some time-label t₃ ≥ t₂. If we just demand that this implication holds whenever t₂ > t₁, the orientation is called strictly temporally transitive, as it is based on the fact that there is a strict directed temporal path from u to w. Our main result is a conceptually simple, yet technically quite involved, polynomial-time algorithm for recognizing whether a given temporal graph 𝒢 is transitively orientable. In wide contrast we prove that, surprisingly, it is NP-hard to recognize whether 𝒢 is strictly transitively orientable. Additionally we introduce and investigate further related problems to temporal transitivity, notably among them the temporal transitive completion problem, for which we prove both algorithmic and hardness results.
Cite as

George B. Mertzios, Hendrik Molter, Malte Renken, Paul G. Spirakis, and Philipp Zschoche. The Complexity of Transitively Orienting Temporal Graphs. In 46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 202, pp. 75:1-75:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{mertzios_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.75,
  author =	{Mertzios, George B. and Molter, Hendrik and Renken, Malte and Spirakis, Paul G. and Zschoche, Philipp},
  title =	{{The Complexity of Transitively Orienting Temporal Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021)},
  pages =	{75:1--75:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-201-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{202},
  editor =	{Bonchi, Filippo and Puglisi, Simon J.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.75},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-145157},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.75},
  annote =	{Keywords: Temporal graph, transitive orientation, transitive closure, polynomial-time algorithm, NP-hardness, satisfiability}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.76
Temporal Reachability Minimization: Delaying vs. Deleting

Authors: Hendrik Molter, Malte Renken, and Philipp Zschoche

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 202, 46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021)

Abstract
We study spreading processes in temporal graphs, i. e., graphs whose connections change over time. These processes naturally model real-world phenomena such as infectious diseases or information flows. More precisely, we investigate how such a spreading process, emerging from a given set of sources, can be contained to a small part of the graph. To this end we consider two ways of modifying the graph, which are (1) deleting connections and (2) delaying connections. We show a close relationship between the two associated problems and give a polynomial time algorithm when the graph has tree structure. For the general version, we consider parameterization by the number of vertices to which the spread is contained. Surprisingly, we prove W[1]-hardness for the deletion variant but fixed-parameter tractability for the delaying variant.
Cite as

Hendrik Molter, Malte Renken, and Philipp Zschoche. Temporal Reachability Minimization: Delaying vs. Deleting. In 46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 202, pp. 76:1-76:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{molter_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.76,
  author =	{Molter, Hendrik and Renken, Malte and Zschoche, Philipp},
  title =	{{Temporal Reachability Minimization: Delaying vs. Deleting}},
  booktitle =	{46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021)},
  pages =	{76:1--76:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-201-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{202},
  editor =	{Bonchi, Filippo and Puglisi, Simon J.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.76},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-145161},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.76},
  annote =	{Keywords: Temporal Graphs, Temporal Paths, Disease Spreading, Network Flows, Parameterized Algorithms, NP-hard Problems}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2020.30
Finding Temporal Paths Under Waiting Time Constraints

Authors: Arnaud Casteigts, Anne-Sophie Himmel, Hendrik Molter, and Philipp Zschoche

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 181, 31st International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2020)

Abstract
Computing a (short) path between two vertices is one of the most fundamental primitives in graph algorithmics. In recent years, the study of paths in temporal graphs, that is, graphs where the vertex set is fixed but the edge set changes over time, gained more and more attention. A path is time-respecting, or temporal, if it uses edges with non-decreasing time stamps. We investigate a basic constraint for temporal paths, where the time spent at each vertex must not exceed a given duration Δ, referred to as Δ-restless temporal paths. This constraint arises naturally in the modeling of real-world processes like packet routing in communication networks and infection transmission routes of diseases where recovery confers lasting resistance. While finding temporal paths without waiting time restrictions is known to be doable in polynomial time, we show that the "restless variant" of this problem becomes computationally hard even in very restrictive settings. For example, it is W[1]-hard when parameterized by the feedback vertex number or the pathwidth of the underlying graph. The main question thus is whether the problem becomes tractable in some natural settings. We explore several natural parameterizations, presenting FPT algorithms for three kinds of parameters: (1) output-related parameters (here, the maximum length of the path), (2) classical parameters applied to the underlying graph (e.g., feedback edge number), and (3) a new parameter called timed feedback vertex number, which captures finer-grained temporal features of the input temporal graph, and which may be of interest beyond this work.
Cite as

Arnaud Casteigts, Anne-Sophie Himmel, Hendrik Molter, and Philipp Zschoche. Finding Temporal Paths Under Waiting Time Constraints. In 31st International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 181, pp. 30:1-30:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{casteigts_et_al:LIPIcs.ISAAC.2020.30,
  author =	{Casteigts, Arnaud and Himmel, Anne-Sophie and Molter, Hendrik and Zschoche, Philipp},
  title =	{{Finding Temporal Paths Under Waiting Time Constraints}},
  booktitle =	{31st International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2020)},
  pages =	{30:1--30:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-173-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{181},
  editor =	{Cao, Yixin and Cheng, Siu-Wing and Li, Minming},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2020.30},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-133745},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2020.30},
  annote =	{Keywords: Temporal graphs, disease spreading, waiting-time policies, restless temporal paths, timed feedback vertex set, NP-hard problems, parameterized algorithms}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2020.27
Computing Maximum Matchings in Temporal Graphs

Authors: George B. Mertzios, Hendrik Molter, Rolf Niedermeier, Viktor Zamaraev, and Philipp Zschoche

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 154, 37th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2020)

Abstract
Temporal graphs are graphs whose topology is subject to discrete changes over time. Given a static underlying graph G, a temporal graph is represented by assigning a set of integer time-labels to every edge e of G, indicating the discrete time steps at which e is active. We introduce and study the complexity of a natural temporal extension of the classical graph problem Maximum Matching, taking into account the dynamic nature of temporal graphs. In our problem, Maximum Temporal Matching, we are looking for the largest possible number of time-labeled edges (simply time-edges) (e,t) such that no vertex is matched more than once within any time window of Δ consecutive time slots, where Δ ∈ ℕ is given. The requirement that a vertex cannot be matched twice in any Δ-window models some necessary "recovery" period that needs to pass for an entity (vertex) after being paired up for some activity with another entity. We prove strong computational hardness results for Maximum Temporal Matching, even for elementary cases. To cope with this computational hardness, we mainly focus on fixed-parameter algorithms with respect to natural parameters, as well as on polynomial-time approximation algorithms.
Cite as

George B. Mertzios, Hendrik Molter, Rolf Niedermeier, Viktor Zamaraev, and Philipp Zschoche. Computing Maximum Matchings in Temporal Graphs. In 37th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 154, pp. 27:1-27:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{mertzios_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2020.27,
  author =	{Mertzios, George B. and Molter, Hendrik and Niedermeier, Rolf and Zamaraev, Viktor and Zschoche, Philipp},
  title =	{{Computing Maximum Matchings in Temporal Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{37th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2020)},
  pages =	{27:1--27:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-140-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{154},
  editor =	{Paul, Christophe and Bl\"{a}ser, Markus},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2020.27},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-118881},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2020.27},
  annote =	{Keywords: Temporal Graph, Link Stream, Temporal Line Graph, NP-hardness, APX-hardness, Approximation Algorithm, Fixed-parameter Tractability, Independent Set}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2018.7
A Parameterized Complexity View on Collapsing k-Cores

Authors: Junjie Luo, Hendrik Molter, and Ondrej Suchý

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 115, 13th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2018)

Abstract
We study the NP-hard graph problem Collapsed k-Core where, given an undirected graph G and integers b, x, and k, we are asked to remove b vertices such that the k-core of remaining graph, that is, the (uniquely determined) largest induced subgraph with minimum degree k, has size at most x. Collapsed k-Core was introduced by Zhang et al. [AAAI 2017] and it is motivated by the study of engagement behavior of users in a social network and measuring the resilience of a network against user drop outs. Collapsed k-Core is a generalization of r-Degenerate Vertex Deletion (which is known to be NP-hard for all r >=0) where, given an undirected graph G and integers b and r, we are asked to remove b vertices such that the remaining graph is r-degenerate, that is, every its subgraph has minimum degree at most r. We investigate the parameterized complexity of Collapsed k-Core with respect to the parameters b, x, and k, and several structural parameters of the input graph. We reveal a dichotomy in the computational complexity of Collapsed k-Core for k <=2 and k >= 3. For the latter case it is known that for all x >= 0 Collapsed k-Core is W[P]-hard when parameterized by b. We show that Collapsed k-Core is W[1]-hard when parameterized by b and in FPT when parameterized by (b+x) if k <=2. Furthermore, we show that Collapsed k-Core is in FPT when parameterized by the treewidth of the input graph and presumably does not admit a polynomial kernel when parameterized by the vertex cover number of the input graph.
Cite as

Junjie Luo, Hendrik Molter, and Ondrej Suchý. A Parameterized Complexity View on Collapsing k-Cores. In 13th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 115, pp. 7:1-7:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{luo_et_al:LIPIcs.IPEC.2018.7,
  author =	{Luo, Junjie and Molter, Hendrik and Such\'{y}, Ondrej},
  title =	{{A Parameterized Complexity View on Collapsing k-Cores}},
  booktitle =	{13th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2018)},
  pages =	{7:1--7:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-084-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{115},
  editor =	{Paul, Christophe and Pilipczuk, Michal},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2018.7},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-102088},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2018.7},
  annote =	{Keywords: r-Degenerate Vertex Deletion, Feedback Vertex Set, Fixed-Parameter Tractability, Kernelization Lower Bounds, Graph Algorithms, Social Network Analysis}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2018.24
Cluster Editing in Multi-Layer and Temporal Graphs

Authors: Jiehua Chen, Hendrik Molter, Manuel Sorge, and Ondrej Suchý

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 123, 29th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2018)

Abstract
Motivated by the recent rapid growth of research for algorithms to cluster multi-layer and temporal graphs, we study extensions of the classical Cluster Editing problem. In Multi-Layer Cluster Editing we receive a set of graphs on the same vertex set, called layers and aim to transform all layers into cluster graphs (disjoint unions of cliques) that differ only slightly. More specifically, we want to mark at most d vertices and to transform each layer into a cluster graph using at most k edge additions or deletions per layer so that, if we remove the marked vertices, we obtain the same cluster graph in all layers. In Temporal Cluster Editing we receive a sequence of layers and we want to transform each layer into a cluster graph so that consecutive layers differ only slightly. That is, we want to transform each layer into a cluster graph with at most k edge additions or deletions and to mark a distinct set of d vertices in each layer so that each two consecutive layers are the same after removing the vertices marked in the first of the two layers. We study the combinatorial structure of the two problems via their parameterized complexity with respect to the parameters d and k, among others. Despite the similar definition, the two problems behave quite differently: In particular, Multi-Layer Cluster Editing is fixed-parameter tractable with running time k^{O(k + d)} s^{O(1)} for inputs of size s, whereas Temporal Cluster Editing is W[1]-hard with respect to k even if d = 3.
Cite as

Jiehua Chen, Hendrik Molter, Manuel Sorge, and Ondrej Suchý. Cluster Editing in Multi-Layer and Temporal Graphs. In 29th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 123, pp. 24:1-24:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{chen_et_al:LIPIcs.ISAAC.2018.24,
  author =	{Chen, Jiehua and Molter, Hendrik and Sorge, Manuel and Such\'{y}, Ondrej},
  title =	{{Cluster Editing in Multi-Layer and Temporal Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{29th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2018)},
  pages =	{24:1--24:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-094-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{123},
  editor =	{Hsu, Wen-Lian and Lee, Der-Tsai and Liao, Chung-Shou},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2018.24},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-99729},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2018.24},
  annote =	{Keywords: Cluster Editing, Temporal Graphs, Multi-Layer Graphs, Fixed-Parameter Algorithms, Polynomial Kernels, Parameterized Complexity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2018.46
Parameterized Dynamic Cluster Editing

Authors: Junjie Luo, Hendrik Molter, André Nichterlein, and Rolf Niedermeier

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 122, 38th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2018)

Abstract
We introduce a dynamic version of the NP-hard Cluster Editing problem. The essential point here is to take into account dynamically evolving input graphs: Having a cluster graph (that is, a disjoint union of cliques) that represents a solution for a first input graph, can we cost-efficiently transform it into a "similar" cluster graph that is a solution for a second ("subsequent") input graph? This model is motivated by several application scenarios, including incremental clustering, the search for compromise clusterings, or also local search in graph-based data clustering. We thoroughly study six problem variants (edge editing, edge deletion, edge insertion; each combined with two distance measures between cluster graphs). We obtain both fixed-parameter tractability as well as parameterized hardness results, thus (except for two open questions) providing a fairly complete picture of the parameterized computational complexity landscape under the perhaps two most natural parameterizations: the distance of the new "similar" cluster graph to (i) the second input graph and to (ii) the input cluster graph.
Cite as

Junjie Luo, Hendrik Molter, André Nichterlein, and Rolf Niedermeier. Parameterized Dynamic Cluster Editing. In 38th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 122, pp. 46:1-46:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{luo_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2018.46,
  author =	{Luo, Junjie and Molter, Hendrik and Nichterlein, Andr\'{e} and Niedermeier, Rolf},
  title =	{{Parameterized Dynamic Cluster Editing}},
  booktitle =	{38th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2018)},
  pages =	{46:1--46:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-093-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{122},
  editor =	{Ganguly, Sumit and Pandya, Paritosh},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2018.46},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-99450},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2018.46},
  annote =	{Keywords: graph-based data clustering, goal-oriented clustering, compromise clustering, NP-hard problems, fixed-parameter tractability, parameterized hardness}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2018.45
The Complexity of Finding Small Separators in Temporal Graphs

Authors: Philipp Zschoche, Till Fluschnik, Hendrik Molter, and Rolf Niedermeier

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 117, 43rd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2018)

Abstract
Temporal graphs are graphs with time-stamped edges. We study the problem of finding a small vertex set (the separator) with respect to two designated terminal vertices such that the removal of the set eliminates all temporal paths connecting one terminal to the other. Herein, we consider two models of temporal paths: paths that pass through arbitrarily many edges per time step (non-strict) and paths that pass through at most one edge per time step (strict). Regarding the number of time steps of a temporal graph, we show a complexity dichotomy (NP-hardness versus polynomial-time solvability) for both problem variants. Moreover we prove both problem variants to be NP-complete even on temporal graphs whose underlying graph is planar. We further show that, on temporal graphs with planar underlying graph, if additionally the number of time steps is constant, then the problem variant for strict paths is solvable in quasi-linear time. Finally, we introduce and motivate the notion of a temporal core (vertices whose incident edges change over time). We prove that the non-strict variant is fixed-parameter tractable when parameterized by the size of the temporal core, while the strict variant remains NP-complete, even for constant-size temporal cores.
Cite as

Philipp Zschoche, Till Fluschnik, Hendrik Molter, and Rolf Niedermeier. The Complexity of Finding Small Separators in Temporal Graphs. In 43rd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 117, pp. 45:1-45:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{zschoche_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2018.45,
  author =	{Zschoche, Philipp and Fluschnik, Till and Molter, Hendrik and Niedermeier, Rolf},
  title =	{{The Complexity of Finding Small Separators in Temporal Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{43rd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2018)},
  pages =	{45:1--45:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-086-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{117},
  editor =	{Potapov, Igor and Spirakis, Paul and Worrell, James},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2018.45},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-96277},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2018.45},
  annote =	{Keywords: (non-)strict temporal paths, temporal core, single-source shortest paths, node multiway cut, length-bounded cuts, parameterized complexity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2016.5
Finding Secluded Places of Special Interest in Graphs

Authors: René van Bevern, Till Fluschnik, George B. Mertzios, Hendrik Molter, Manuel Sorge, and Ondrej Suchý

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 63, 11th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2016)

Abstract
Finding a vertex subset in a graph that satisfies a certain property is one of the most-studied topics in algorithmic graph theory. The focus herein is often on minimizing or maximizing the size of the solution, that is, the size of the desired vertex set. In several applications, however, we also want to limit the "exposure" of the solution to the rest of the graph. This is the case, for example, when the solution represents persons that ought to deal with sensitive information or a segregated community. In this work, we thus explore the (parameterized) complexity of finding such secluded vertex subsets for a wide variety of properties that they shall fulfill. More precisely, we study the constraint that the (open or closed) neighborhood of the solution shall be bounded by a parameter and the influence of this constraint on the complexity of minimizing separators, feedback vertex sets, F-free vertex deletion sets, dominating sets, and the maximization of independent sets.
Cite as

René van Bevern, Till Fluschnik, George B. Mertzios, Hendrik Molter, Manuel Sorge, and Ondrej Suchý. Finding Secluded Places of Special Interest in Graphs. In 11th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 63, pp. 5:1-5:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{vanbevern_et_al:LIPIcs.IPEC.2016.5,
  author =	{van Bevern, Ren\'{e} and Fluschnik, Till and Mertzios, George B. and Molter, Hendrik and Sorge, Manuel and Such\'{y}, Ondrej},
  title =	{{Finding Secluded Places of Special Interest in Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{11th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2016)},
  pages =	{5:1--5:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-023-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{63},
  editor =	{Guo, Jiong and Hermelin, Danny},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2016.5},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-69380},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2016.5},
  annote =	{Keywords: Neighborhood, Feedback Vertex Set, Vertex Deletion, Separator, Dominating Set}
}
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