32 Search Results for "Ramanujan, M. S."


Document
On the Parameterized Complexity of Eulerian Strong Component Arc Deletion

Authors: Václav Blažej, Satyabrata Jana, M. S. Ramanujan, and Peter Strulo

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 321, 19th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2024)


Abstract
In this paper, we study the Eulerian Strong Component Arc Deletion problem, where the input is a directed multigraph and the goal is to delete the minimum number of arcs to ensure every strongly connected component of the resulting digraph is Eulerian. This problem is a natural extension of the Directed Feedback Arc Set problem and is also known to be motivated by certain scenarios arising in the study of housing markets. The complexity of the problem, when parameterized by solution size (i.e., size of the deletion set), has remained unresolved and has been highlighted in several papers. In this work, we answer this question by ruling out (subject to the usual complexity assumptions) a fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) algorithm for this parameter and conduct a broad analysis of the problem with respect to other natural parameterizations. We prove both positive and negative results. Among these, we demonstrate that the problem is also hard (W[1]-hard or even para-NP-hard) when parameterized by either treewidth or maximum degree alone. Complementing our lower bounds, we establish that the problem is in XP when parameterized by treewidth and FPT when parameterized either by both treewidth and maximum degree or by both treewidth and solution size. We show that these algorithms have near-optimal asymptotic dependence on the treewidth assuming the Exponential Time Hypothesis.

Cite as

Václav Blažej, Satyabrata Jana, M. S. Ramanujan, and Peter Strulo. On the Parameterized Complexity of Eulerian Strong Component Arc Deletion. In 19th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 321, pp. 4:1-4:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)


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@InProceedings{blazej_et_al:LIPIcs.IPEC.2024.4,
  author =	{Bla\v{z}ej, V\'{a}clav and Jana, Satyabrata and Ramanujan, M. S. and Strulo, Peter},
  title =	{{On the Parameterized Complexity of Eulerian Strong Component Arc Deletion}},
  booktitle =	{19th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2024)},
  pages =	{4:1--4:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-353-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{321},
  editor =	{Bonnet, \'{E}douard and Rz\k{a}\.{z}ewski, Pawe{\l}},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2024.4},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-222306},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2024.4},
  annote =	{Keywords: Parameterized complexity, Eulerian graphs, Treewidth}
}
Document
On Controlling Knockout Tournaments Without Perfect Information

Authors: Václav Blažej, Sushmita Gupta, M. S. Ramanujan, and Peter Strulo

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 321, 19th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2024)


Abstract
Over the last decade, extensive research has been conducted on the algorithmic aspects of designing single-elimination (SE) tournaments. Addressing natural questions of algorithmic tractability, we identify key properties of input instances that enable the tournament designer to efficiently schedule the tournament in a way that maximizes the chances of a preferred player winning. Much of the prior algorithmic work on this topic focuses on the perfect (complete and deterministic) information scenario, especially in the context of fixed-parameter algorithm design. Our contributions constitute the first fixed-parameter tractability results applicable to more general settings of SE tournament design with potential imperfect information.

Cite as

Václav Blažej, Sushmita Gupta, M. S. Ramanujan, and Peter Strulo. On Controlling Knockout Tournaments Without Perfect Information. In 19th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 321, pp. 7:1-7:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)


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@InProceedings{blazej_et_al:LIPIcs.IPEC.2024.7,
  author =	{Bla\v{z}ej, V\'{a}clav and Gupta, Sushmita and Ramanujan, M. S. and Strulo, Peter},
  title =	{{On Controlling Knockout Tournaments Without Perfect Information}},
  booktitle =	{19th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2024)},
  pages =	{7:1--7:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-353-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{321},
  editor =	{Bonnet, \'{E}douard and Rz\k{a}\.{z}ewski, Pawe{\l}},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2024.7},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-222337},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2024.7},
  annote =	{Keywords: Parameterized algorithms, Tournament design, Imperfect information}
}
Document
Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Games
Parameterized Algorithms for Coordinated Motion Planning: Minimizing Energy

Authors: Argyrios Deligkas, Eduard Eiben, Robert Ganian, Iyad Kanj, and M. S. Ramanujan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 297, 51st International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2024)


Abstract
We study the parameterized complexity of a generalization of the coordinated motion planning problem on graphs, where the goal is to route a specified subset of a given set of k robots to their destinations with the aim of minimizing the total energy (i.e., the total length traveled). We develop novel techniques to push beyond previously-established results that were restricted to solid grids. We design a fixed-parameter additive approximation algorithm for this problem parameterized by k alone. This result, which is of independent interest, allows us to prove the following two results pertaining to well-studied coordinated motion planning problems: (1) A fixed-parameter algorithm, parameterized by k, for routing a single robot to its destination while avoiding the other robots, which is related to the famous Rush-Hour Puzzle; and (2) a fixed-parameter algorithm, parameterized by k plus the treewidth of the input graph, for the standard Coordinated Motion Planning (CMP) problem in which we need to route all the k robots to their destinations. The latter of these results implies, among others, the fixed-parameter tractability of CMP parameterized by k on graphs of bounded outerplanarity, which include bounded-height subgrids. We complement the above results with a lower bound which rules out the fixed-parameter tractability for CMP when parameterized by the total energy. This contrasts the recently-obtained tractability of the problem on solid grids under the same parameterization. As our final result, we strengthen the aforementioned fixed-parameter tractability to hold not only on solid grids but all graphs of bounded local treewidth - a class including, among others, all graphs of bounded genus.

Cite as

Argyrios Deligkas, Eduard Eiben, Robert Ganian, Iyad Kanj, and M. S. Ramanujan. Parameterized Algorithms for Coordinated Motion Planning: Minimizing Energy. In 51st International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 297, pp. 53:1-53:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)


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@InProceedings{deligkas_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2024.53,
  author =	{Deligkas, Argyrios and Eiben, Eduard and Ganian, Robert and Kanj, Iyad and Ramanujan, M. S.},
  title =	{{Parameterized Algorithms for Coordinated Motion Planning: Minimizing Energy}},
  booktitle =	{51st International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2024)},
  pages =	{53:1--53:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-322-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{297},
  editor =	{Bringmann, Karl and Grohe, Martin and Puppis, Gabriele and Svensson, Ola},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2024.53},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-201968},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2024.53},
  annote =	{Keywords: coordinated motion planning, multi-agent path finding, parameterized complexity}
}
Document
Decremental Sensitivity Oracles for Covering and Packing Minors

Authors: Lawqueen Kanesh, Fahad Panolan, M. S. Ramanujan, and Peter Strulo

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 289, 41st International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2024)


Abstract
In this paper, we present the first decremental fixed-parameter sensitivity oracles for a number of basic covering and packing problems on graphs. In particular, we obtain the first decremental sensitivity oracles for Vertex Planarization (delete k vertices to make the graph planar) and Cycle Packing (pack k vertex-disjoint cycles in the given graph). That is, we give a sensitivity oracle that preprocesses the given graph in time f(k,𝓁)n^{{O}(1)} such that, when given a set of 𝓁 edge deletions, the data structure decides in time f(k,𝓁) whether the updated graph is a positive instance of the problem. These results are obtained as a corollary of our central result, which is the first decremental sensitivity oracle for Topological Minor Deletion (cover all topological minors in the input graph that belong to a specified set, using k vertices). Though our methodology closely follows the literature, we are able to produce the first explicit bounds on the preprocessing and query times for several problems. We also initiate the study of fixed-parameter sensitivity oracles with so-called structural parameterizations and give sufficient conditions for the existence of fixed-parameter sensitivity oracles where the parameter is just the treewidth of the graph. In contrast, all existing literature on this topic and the aforementioned results in this paper assume a bound on the solution size (a weaker parameter than treewidth for many problems). As corollaries, we obtain decremental sensitivity oracles for well-studied problems such as Vertex Cover and Dominating Set when only the treewidth of the input graph is bounded. A feature of our methodology behind these results is that we are able to obtain query times independent of treewidth.

Cite as

Lawqueen Kanesh, Fahad Panolan, M. S. Ramanujan, and Peter Strulo. Decremental Sensitivity Oracles for Covering and Packing Minors. In 41st International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 289, pp. 44:1-44:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)


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@InProceedings{kanesh_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2024.44,
  author =	{Kanesh, Lawqueen and Panolan, Fahad and Ramanujan, M. S. and Strulo, Peter},
  title =	{{Decremental Sensitivity Oracles for Covering and Packing Minors}},
  booktitle =	{41st International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2024)},
  pages =	{44:1--44:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-311-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{289},
  editor =	{Beyersdorff, Olaf and Kant\'{e}, Mamadou Moustapha and Kupferman, Orna and Lokshtanov, Daniel},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2024.44},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-197544},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2024.44},
  annote =	{Keywords: Sensitivity oracles, Data Structures, FPT algorithms}
}
Document
Exponential-Time Approximation Schemes via Compression

Authors: Tanmay Inamdar, Madhumita Kundu, Pekka Parviainen, M. S. Ramanujan, and Saket Saurabh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 287, 15th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2024)


Abstract
In this paper, we give a framework to design exponential-time approximation schemes for basic graph partitioning problems such as k-way cut, Multiway Cut, Steiner k-cut and Multicut, where the goal is to minimize the number of edges going across the parts. Our motivation to focus on approximation schemes for these problems comes from the fact that while it is possible to solve them exactly in 2^nn^{{𝒪}(1)} time (note that this is already faster than brute-forcing over all partitions or edge sets), it is not known whether one can do better. Using our framework, we design the first (1+ε)-approximation algorithms for the above problems that run in time 2^{f(ε)n} (for f(ε) < 1) for all these problems. As part of our framework, we present two compression procedures. The first of these is a "lossless" procedure, which is inspired by the seminal randomized contraction algorithm for Global Min-cut of Karger [SODA '93]. Here, we reduce the graph to an equivalent instance where the total number of edges is linearly bounded in the number of edges in an optimal solution of the original instance. Following this, we show how a careful combination of greedy choices and the best exact algorithm for the respective problems can exploit this structure and lead to our approximation schemes. Our first compression procedure bounds the number of edges linearly in the optimal solution, but this could still leave a dense graph as the solution size could be superlinear in the number of vertices. However, for several problems, it is known that they admit significantly faster algorithms on instances where solution size is linear in the number of vertices, in contrast to general instances. Hence, a natural question arises here. Could one reduce the solution size to linear in the number of vertices, at least in the case where we are willing to settle for a near-optimal solution, so that the aforementioned faster algorithms could be exploited? In the second compression procedure, using cut sparsifiers (this time, inspired by Benczúr and Karger [STOC '96]) we introduce "solution linearization" as a methodology to give an approximation-preserving reduction to the regime where solution size is linear in the number of vertices for certain cut problems. Using this, we obtain the first polynomial-space approximation schemes faster than 2^nn^{{𝒪}(1)} for Minimum bisection and Edge Bipartization. Along the way, we also design the first polynomial-space exact algorithms for these problems that run in time faster than 2^nn^{{𝒪}(1)}, in the regime where solution size is linear in the number of vertices. The use of randomized contraction and cut sparsifiers in the exponential-time setting is novel to the best of our knowledge and forms our conceptual contribution.

Cite as

Tanmay Inamdar, Madhumita Kundu, Pekka Parviainen, M. S. Ramanujan, and Saket Saurabh. Exponential-Time Approximation Schemes via Compression. In 15th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 287, pp. 64:1-64:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)


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@InProceedings{inamdar_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2024.64,
  author =	{Inamdar, Tanmay and Kundu, Madhumita and Parviainen, Pekka and Ramanujan, M. S. and Saurabh, Saket},
  title =	{{Exponential-Time Approximation Schemes via Compression}},
  booktitle =	{15th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2024)},
  pages =	{64:1--64:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-309-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{287},
  editor =	{Guruswami, Venkatesan},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2024.64},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-195920},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2024.64},
  annote =	{Keywords: Exponential-Time Algorithms, Approximation Algorithms, Graph Algorithms, Cut Problems}
}
Document
FPT Approximations for Packing and Covering Problems Parameterized by Elimination Distance and Even Less

Authors: Tanmay Inamdar, Lawqueen Kanesh, Madhumita Kundu, M. S. Ramanujan, and Saket Saurabh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 284, 43rd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2023)


Abstract
For numerous graph problems in the realm of parameterized algorithms, using the size of a smallest deletion set (called a modulator) into well-understood graph families as parameterization has led to a long and successful line of research. Recently, however, there has been an extensive study of structural parameters that are potentially much smaller than the modulator size. In particular, recent papers [Jansen et al. STOC 2021; Agrawal et al. SODA 2022] have studied parameterization by the size of the modulator to a graph family ℋ(mod_ℋ(⋅)), elimination distance to ℋ(ed_ℋ(⋅)), and ℋ-treewidth (tw_ℋ(⋅)). These parameters are related by the fact that tw_ℋ lower bounds ed_ℋ, which in turn lower bounds mod_ℋ. While these new parameters have been successfully exploited to design fast exact algorithms their utility (especially that of ed_ℋ and tw_ℋ) in the context of approximation algorithms is mostly unexplored. The conceptual contribution of this paper is to present novel algorithmic meta-theorems that expand the impact of these structural parameters to the area of FPT Approximation, mirroring their utility in the design of exact FPT algorithms. Precisely, we show that if a covering or packing problem is definable in Monadic Second Order Logic and has a property called Finite Integer Index (FII), then the existence of an FPT Approximation Scheme (FPT-AS, i.e., (1±ε)-approximation) parameterized by mod_ℋ(⋅), ed_ℋ(⋅), and tw_ℋ(⋅) is in fact equivalent. As a consequence, we obtain FPT-ASes for a wide range of covering, packing, and domination problems on graphs with respect to these parameters. In the process, we show that several graph problems, that are W[1]-hard parameterized by mod_ℋ, admit FPT-ASes not only when parameterized by mod_ℋ, but even when parameterized by the potentially much smaller parameter tw_ℋ(⋅). In the spirit of [Agrawal et al. SODA 2022], our algorithmic results highlight a broader connection between these parameters in the world of approximation. As concrete exemplifications of our meta-theorems, we obtain FPT-ASes for well-studied graph problems such as Vertex Cover, Feedback Vertex Set, Cycle Packing and Dominating Set, parameterized by tw_ℋ(⋅) (and hence, also by mod_ℋ(⋅) or ed_ℋ(⋅)), where ℋ is any family of minor free graphs.

Cite as

Tanmay Inamdar, Lawqueen Kanesh, Madhumita Kundu, M. S. Ramanujan, and Saket Saurabh. FPT Approximations for Packing and Covering Problems Parameterized by Elimination Distance and Even Less. In 43rd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 284, pp. 28:1-28:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)


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@InProceedings{inamdar_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2023.28,
  author =	{Inamdar, Tanmay and Kanesh, Lawqueen and Kundu, Madhumita and Ramanujan, M. S. and Saurabh, Saket},
  title =	{{FPT Approximations for Packing and Covering Problems Parameterized by Elimination Distance and Even Less}},
  booktitle =	{43rd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2023)},
  pages =	{28:1--28:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-304-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{284},
  editor =	{Bouyer, Patricia and Srinivasan, Srikanth},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2023.28},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-194013},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2023.28},
  annote =	{Keywords: FPT-AS, F-Deletion, Packing, Elimination Distance, Elimination Treewidth}
}
Document
Approximately Interpolating Between Uniformly and Non-Uniformly Polynomial Kernels

Authors: Akanksha Agrawal and M. S. Ramanujan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 284, 43rd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2023)


Abstract
The problem of computing a minimum set of vertices intersecting a finite set of forbidden minors in a given graph is a fundamental graph problem in the area of kernelization with numerous well-studied special cases. A major breakthrough in this line of research was made by Fomin et al. [FOCS 2012], who showed that the ρ-Treewidth Modulator problem (delete minimum number of vertices to ensure that treewidth is at most ρ) has a polynomial kernel of size k^g(ρ) for some function g. A second standout result in this line is that of Giannapoulou et al. [ACM TALG 2017], who obtained an f(η)k^𝒪(1)-size kernel (for some function f) for the η-Treedepth Modulator problem (delete fewest number of vertices to make treedepth at most η) and showed that some dependence of the exponent of k on ρ in the result of Fomin et al. for the ρ-Treewidth Modulator problem is unavoidable under reasonable complexity hypotheses. In this work, we provide an approximate interpolation between these two results by giving, for every ε > 0, a (1+ε)-approximate kernel of size f'(η,ρ,1/ε)⋅ k^g'(ρ) (for some functions f' and g') for the problem of deciding whether k vertices can be deleted from a given graph to obtain a graph that has elimination distance at most η to the class of graphs that have treewidth at most ρ. Graphs of treedepth η are precisely the graphs with elimination distance at most η-1 to the graphs of treewidth 0 and graphs of treewidth ρ are simply graphs with elimination distance 0 to graphs of treewidth ρ. Consequently, our result "approximately" interpolates between these two major results in this active line of research.

Cite as

Akanksha Agrawal and M. S. Ramanujan. Approximately Interpolating Between Uniformly and Non-Uniformly Polynomial Kernels. In 43rd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 284, pp. 36:1-36:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)


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@InProceedings{agrawal_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2023.36,
  author =	{Agrawal, Akanksha and Ramanujan, M. S.},
  title =	{{Approximately Interpolating Between Uniformly and Non-Uniformly Polynomial Kernels}},
  booktitle =	{43rd IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2023)},
  pages =	{36:1--36:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-304-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{284},
  editor =	{Bouyer, Patricia and Srinivasan, Srikanth},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2023.36},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-194096},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2023.36},
  annote =	{Keywords: Lossy Kernelization, Treewidth Modulator, Vertex Deletion Problems}
}
Document
Finding a Highly Connected Steiner Subgraph and its Applications

Authors: Eduard Eiben, Diptapriyo Majumdar, and M. S. Ramanujan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 272, 48th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2023)


Abstract
Given a (connected) undirected graph G, a set X ⊆ V(G) and integers k and p, the Steiner Subgraph Extension problem asks whether there exists a set S ⊇ X of at most k vertices such that G[S] is a p-edge-connected subgraph. This problem is a natural generalization of the well-studied Steiner Tree problem (set p = 1 and X to be the terminals). In this paper, we initiate the study of Steiner Subgraph Extension from the perspective of parameterized complexity and give a fixed-parameter algorithm (i.e., FPT algorithm) parameterized by k and p on graphs of bounded degeneracy (removing the assumption of bounded degeneracy results in W-hardness). Besides being an independent advance on the parameterized complexity of network design problems, our result has natural applications. In particular, we use our result to obtain new single-exponential FPT algorithms for several vertex-deletion problems studied in the literature, where the goal is to delete a smallest set of vertices such that: (i) the resulting graph belongs to a specified hereditary graph class, and (ii) the deleted set of vertices induces a p-edge-connected subgraph of the input graph.

Cite as

Eduard Eiben, Diptapriyo Majumdar, and M. S. Ramanujan. Finding a Highly Connected Steiner Subgraph and its Applications. In 48th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 272, pp. 45:1-45:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)


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@InProceedings{eiben_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2023.45,
  author =	{Eiben, Eduard and Majumdar, Diptapriyo and Ramanujan, M. S.},
  title =	{{Finding a Highly Connected Steiner Subgraph and its Applications}},
  booktitle =	{48th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2023)},
  pages =	{45:1--45:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-292-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{272},
  editor =	{Leroux, J\'{e}r\^{o}me and Lombardy, Sylvain and Peleg, David},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2023.45},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-185793},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2023.45},
  annote =	{Keywords: Parameterized Complexity, Steiner Subgraph Extension, p-edge-connected graphs, Matroids, Representative Families}
}
Document
An Exact Algorithm for Knot-Free Vertex Deletion

Authors: M. S. Ramanujan, Abhishek Sahu, Saket Saurabh, and Shaily Verma

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 241, 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)


Abstract
The study of the Knot-Free Vertex Deletion problem emerges from its application in the resolution of deadlocks called knots, detected in a classical distributed computation model, that is, the OR-model. A strongly connected subgraph Q of a digraph D with at least two vertices is said to be a knot if there is no arc (u,v) of D with u ∈ V(Q) and v ∉ V(Q) (no-out neighbors of the vertices in Q). Given a directed graph D, the Knot-Free Vertex Deletion (KFVD) problem asks to compute a minimum-size subset S ⊂ V(D) such that D[V⧵S] contains no knots. There is no exact algorithm known for the KFVD problem in the literature that is faster than the trivial O^⋆(2ⁿ) brute-force algorithm. In this paper, we obtain the first non-trivial upper bound for KFVD by designing an exact algorithm running in time 𝒪^⋆(1.576ⁿ), where n is the size of the vertex set in D.

Cite as

M. S. Ramanujan, Abhishek Sahu, Saket Saurabh, and Shaily Verma. An Exact Algorithm for Knot-Free Vertex Deletion. In 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 241, pp. 78:1-78:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)


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@InProceedings{ramanujan_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.78,
  author =	{Ramanujan, M. S. and Sahu, Abhishek and Saurabh, Saket and Verma, Shaily},
  title =	{{An Exact Algorithm for Knot-Free Vertex Deletion}},
  booktitle =	{47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)},
  pages =	{78:1--78:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-256-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{241},
  editor =	{Szeider, Stefan and Ganian, Robert and Silva, Alexandra},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.78},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-168769},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.78},
  annote =	{Keywords: exact algorithm, knot-free graphs, branching algorithm}
}
Document
Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Games
Backdoor Sets on Nowhere Dense SAT

Authors: Daniel Lokshtanov, Fahad Panolan, and M. S. Ramanujan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 229, 49th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2022)


Abstract
For a satisfiable CNF formula ϕ and an integer t, a weak backdoor set to treewidth-t is a set of variables such that there is an assignment to this set that reduces ϕ to a satisfiable formula that has an incidence graph of treewidth at most t. A natural research program in the work on fixed-parameter algorithms (FPT algorithms) for SAT is to delineate the tractability borders for the problem of detecting a small weak backdoor set to treewidth-t formulas. In this line of research, Gaspers and Szeider (ICALP 2012) showed that detecting a weak backdoor set of size at most k to treewidth-1 is W[2]-hard parameterized by k if the input is an arbitrary CNF formula. Fomin, Lokshtanov, Misra, Ramanujan and Saurabh (SODA 2015), showed that if the input is d-CNF, then detecting a weak backdoor set of size at most k to treewidth-t is fixed-parameter tractable (parameterized by k,t,d). These two results indicate that sparsity of the input plays a role in determining the parameterized complexity of detecting weak backdoor sets to treewidth-t. In this work, we take a major step towards characterizing the precise impact of sparsity on the parameterized complexity of this problem by obtaining algorithmic results for detecting small weak backdoor sets to treewidth-t for input formulas whose incidence graphs belong to a nowhere-dense graph class. Nowhere density provides a robust and well-understood notion of sparsity that is at the heart of several advances on model checking and structural graph theory. Moreover, nowhere-dense graph classes contain many well-studied graph classes such as bounded treewidth graphs, graphs that exclude a fixed (topological) minor and graphs of bounded expansion. Our main contribution is an algorithm that, given a formula ϕ whose incidence graph belongs to a fixed nowhere-dense graph class and an integer k, in time f(t,k)|ϕ|^O(1), either finds a satisfying assignment of ϕ, or concludes correctly that ϕ has no weak backdoor set of size at most k to treewidth-t. To obtain this algorithm, we develop a strategy that only relies on the fact that nowhere-dense graph classes are biclique-free. That is, for every nowhere-dense graph class, there is a p such that it is contained in the class of graphs that exclude K_{p,p} as a subgraph. This is a significant feature of our techniques since the class of biclique-free graphs also generalizes the class of graphs of bounded degeneracy, which are incomparable with nowhere-dense graph classes. As a result, our algorithm also generalizes the results of Fomin, Lokshtanov, Misra, Ramanujan and Saurabh (SODA 2015) for the special case of d-CNF formulas as input when d is fixed. This is because the incidence graphs of such formulas exclude K_{d+1,d+1} as a subgraph.

Cite as

Daniel Lokshtanov, Fahad Panolan, and M. S. Ramanujan. Backdoor Sets on Nowhere Dense SAT. In 49th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 229, pp. 91:1-91:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)


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@InProceedings{lokshtanov_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.91,
  author =	{Lokshtanov, Daniel and Panolan, Fahad and Ramanujan, M. S.},
  title =	{{Backdoor Sets on Nowhere Dense SAT}},
  booktitle =	{49th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2022)},
  pages =	{91:1--91:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-235-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{229},
  editor =	{Boja\'{n}czyk, Miko{\l}aj and Merelli, Emanuela and Woodruff, David P.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.91},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-164323},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.91},
  annote =	{Keywords: Fixed-parameter Tractability, Satisfiability, Backdoors, Treewidth}
}
Document
On Approximate Compressions for Connected Minor-Hitting Sets

Authors: M. S. Ramanujan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 204, 29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021)


Abstract
In the Connected ℱ-Deletion problem, ℱ is a fixed finite family of graphs and the objective is to compute a minimum set of vertices (or a vertex set of size at most k for some given k) such that (a) this set induces a connected subgraph of the given graph and (b) deleting this set results in a graph which excludes every F ∈ ℱ as a minor. In the area of kernelization, this problem is well known to exclude a polynomial kernel subject to standard complexity hypotheses even in very special cases such as ℱ = K₂, i.e., Connected Vertex Cover. In this work, we give a (2+ε)-approximate polynomial compression for the Connected ℱ-Deletion problem when ℱ contains at least one planar graph. This is the first approximate polynomial compression result for this generic problem. As a corollary, we obtain the first approximate polynomial compression result for the special case of Connected η-Treewidth Deletion.

Cite as

M. S. Ramanujan. On Approximate Compressions for Connected Minor-Hitting Sets. In 29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 204, pp. 78:1-78:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)


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@InProceedings{ramanujan:LIPIcs.ESA.2021.78,
  author =	{Ramanujan, M. S.},
  title =	{{On Approximate Compressions for Connected Minor-Hitting Sets}},
  booktitle =	{29th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2021)},
  pages =	{78:1--78:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-204-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{204},
  editor =	{Mutzel, Petra and Pagh, Rasmus and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.78},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-146590},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2021.78},
  annote =	{Keywords: Parameterized Complexity, Kernelization, Approximation Algorithms}
}
Document
An FPT Algorithm for Elimination Distance to Bounded Degree Graphs

Authors: Akanksha Agrawal, Lawqueen Kanesh, Fahad Panolan, M. S. Ramanujan, and Saket Saurabh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 187, 38th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2021)


Abstract
In the literature on parameterized graph problems, there has been an increased effort in recent years aimed at exploring novel notions of graph edit-distance that are more powerful than the size of a modulator to a specific graph class. In this line of research, Bulian and Dawar [Algorithmica, 2016] introduced the notion of elimination distance and showed that deciding whether a given graph has elimination distance at most k to any minor-closed class of graphs is fixed-parameter tractable parameterized by k [Algorithmica, 2017]. They showed that Graph Isomorphism parameterized by the elimination distance to bounded degree graphs is fixed-parameter tractable and asked whether determining the elimination distance to the class of bounded degree graphs is fixed-parameter tractable. Recently, Lindermayr et al. [MFCS 2020] obtained a fixed-parameter algorithm for this problem in the special case where the input is restricted to K₅-minor free graphs. In this paper, we answer the question of Bulian and Dawar in the affirmative for general graphs. In fact, we give a more general result capturing elimination distance to any graph class characterized by a finite set of graphs as forbidden induced subgraphs.

Cite as

Akanksha Agrawal, Lawqueen Kanesh, Fahad Panolan, M. S. Ramanujan, and Saket Saurabh. An FPT Algorithm for Elimination Distance to Bounded Degree Graphs. In 38th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 187, pp. 5:1-5:11, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)


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@InProceedings{agrawal_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2021.5,
  author =	{Agrawal, Akanksha and Kanesh, Lawqueen and Panolan, Fahad and Ramanujan, M. S. and Saurabh, Saket},
  title =	{{An FPT Algorithm for Elimination Distance to Bounded Degree Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{38th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2021)},
  pages =	{5:1--5:11},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-180-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{187},
  editor =	{Bl\"{a}ser, Markus and Monmege, Benjamin},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2021.5},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-136507},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2021.5},
  annote =	{Keywords: Elimination Distance, Fixed-parameter Tractability, Graph Modification}
}
Document
Tight Approximation Guarantees for Concave Coverage Problems

Authors: Siddharth Barman, Omar Fawzi, and Paul Fermé

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 187, 38th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2021)


Abstract
In the maximum coverage problem, we are given subsets T_1, …, T_m of a universe [n] along with an integer k and the objective is to find a subset S ⊆ [m] of size k that maximizes C(S) : = |⋃_{i ∈ S} T_i|. It is a classic result that the greedy algorithm for this problem achieves an optimal approximation ratio of 1-e^{-1}. In this work we consider a generalization of this problem wherein an element a can contribute by an amount that depends on the number of times it is covered. Given a concave, nondecreasing function φ, we define C^{φ}(S) := ∑_{a ∈ [n]}w_aφ(|S|_a), where |S|_a = |{i ∈ S : a ∈ T_i}|. The standard maximum coverage problem corresponds to taking φ(j) = min{j,1}. For any such φ, we provide an efficient algorithm that achieves an approximation ratio equal to the Poisson concavity ratio of φ, defined by α_{φ} : = min_{x ∈ ℕ^*} 𝔼[φ(Poi(x))] / φ(𝔼[Poi(x)]). Complementing this approximation guarantee, we establish a matching NP-hardness result when φ grows in a sublinear way. As special cases, we improve the result of [Siddharth Barman et al., 2020] about maximum multi-coverage, that was based on the unique games conjecture, and we recover the result of [Szymon Dudycz et al., 2020] on multi-winner approval-based voting for geometrically dominant rules. Our result goes beyond these special cases and we illustrate it with applications to distributed resource allocation problems, welfare maximization problems and approval-based voting for general rules.

Cite as

Siddharth Barman, Omar Fawzi, and Paul Fermé. Tight Approximation Guarantees for Concave Coverage Problems. In 38th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 187, pp. 9:1-9:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)


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@InProceedings{barman_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2021.9,
  author =	{Barman, Siddharth and Fawzi, Omar and Ferm\'{e}, Paul},
  title =	{{Tight Approximation Guarantees for Concave Coverage Problems}},
  booktitle =	{38th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2021)},
  pages =	{9:1--9:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-180-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{187},
  editor =	{Bl\"{a}ser, Markus and Monmege, Benjamin},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2021.9},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-136543},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2021.9},
  annote =	{Keywords: Approximation Algorithms, Coverage Problems, Concave Function}
}
Document
On the Parameterized Complexity of Clique Elimination Distance

Authors: Akanksha Agrawal and M. S. Ramanujan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 180, 15th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2020)


Abstract
Bulian and Dawar [Algorithmica, 2016] introduced the notion of elimination distance in an effort to define new tractable parameterizations for graph problems and showed that deciding whether a given graph has elimination distance at most k to any minor-closed class of graphs is fixed-parameter tractable parameterized by k [Algorithmica, 2017]. In this paper, we consider the problem of computing the elimination distance of a given graph to the class of cluster graphs and initiate the study of the parameterized complexity of a more general version - that of obtaining a modulator to such graphs. That is, we study the (η,Clq)-Elimination Deletion problem ((η,Clq)-ED Deletion) where, for a fixed η, one is given a graph G and k ∈ ℕ and the objective is to determine whether there is a set S ⊆ V(G) such that the graph G-S has elimination distance at most η to the class of cluster graphs. Our main result is a polynomial kernelization (parameterized by k) for this problem. As components in the proof of our main result, we develop a k^𝒪(η k + η²)n^𝒪(1)-time fixed-parameter algorithm for (η,Clq)-ED Deletion and a polynomial-time factor-min{𝒪(η⋅ opt⋅ log² n),opt^𝒪(1)} approximation algorithm for the same problem.

Cite as

Akanksha Agrawal and M. S. Ramanujan. On the Parameterized Complexity of Clique Elimination Distance. In 15th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 180, pp. 1:1-1:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)


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@InProceedings{agrawal_et_al:LIPIcs.IPEC.2020.1,
  author =	{Agrawal, Akanksha and Ramanujan, M. S.},
  title =	{{On the Parameterized Complexity of Clique Elimination Distance}},
  booktitle =	{15th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2020)},
  pages =	{1:1--1:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-172-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{180},
  editor =	{Cao, Yixin and Pilipczuk, Marcin},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2020.1},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-133043},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2020.1},
  annote =	{Keywords: Elimination Distance, Cluster Graphs, Kernelization}
}
Document
On the Complexity of Recovering Incidence Matrices

Authors: Fedor V. Fomin, Petr Golovach, Pranabendu Misra, and M. S. Ramanujan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 173, 28th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2020)


Abstract
The incidence matrix of a graph is a fundamental object naturally appearing in many applications, involving graphs such as social networks, communication networks, or transportation networks. Often, the data collected about the incidence relations can have some slight noise. In this paper, we initiate the study of the computational complexity of recovering incidence matrices of graphs from a binary matrix: given a binary matrix M which can be written as the superposition of two binary matrices L and S, where S is the incidence matrix of a graph from a specified graph class, and L is a matrix (i) of small rank or, (ii) of small (Hamming) weight. Further, identify all those graphs whose incidence matrices form part of such a superposition. Here, L represents the noise in the input matrix M. Another motivation for this problem comes from the Matroid Minors project of Geelen, Gerards and Whittle, where perturbed graphic and co-graphic matroids play a prominent role. There, it is expected that a perturbed binary matroid (or its dual) is presented as L+S where L is a low rank matrix and S is the incidence matrix of a graph. Here, we address the complexity of constructing such a decomposition. When L is of small rank, we show that the problem is NP-complete, but it can be decided in time (mn)^O(r), where m,n are dimensions of M and r is an upper-bound on the rank of L. When L is of small weight, then the problem is solvable in polynomial time (mn)^O(1). Furthermore, in many applications it is desirable to have the list of all possible solutions for further analysis. We show that our algorithms naturally extend to enumeration algorithms for the above two problems with delay (mn)^O(r) and (mn)^O(1), respectively, between consecutive outputs.

Cite as

Fedor V. Fomin, Petr Golovach, Pranabendu Misra, and M. S. Ramanujan. On the Complexity of Recovering Incidence Matrices. In 28th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 173, pp. 50:1-50:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)


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@InProceedings{fomin_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2020.50,
  author =	{Fomin, Fedor V. and Golovach, Petr and Misra, Pranabendu and Ramanujan, M. S.},
  title =	{{On the Complexity of Recovering Incidence Matrices}},
  booktitle =	{28th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2020)},
  pages =	{50:1--50:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-162-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{173},
  editor =	{Grandoni, Fabrizio and Herman, Grzegorz and Sanders, Peter},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2020.50},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-129164},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2020.50},
  annote =	{Keywords: Graph Incidence Matrix, Matrix Recovery, Enumeration Algorithm}
}
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