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Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.LICS.2026.48

Graphical Algebraic Geometry: From Ideals and Varieties to Quantum Calculi

Authors: Dichuan Gao, Razin A. Shaikh, and Aleks Kissinger

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 380, 41st Annual Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS 2026)

Abstract

We introduce Graphical Algebraic Geometry (GAG), a family of diagrammatic languages extending the Graphical Linear Algebra programme. We construct several languages within this family and prove that they are universal and complete for the corresponding (co)span semantics of commutative algebras and affine varieties. This framework provides clear graphical representations of algebraic structures - such as polynomials, ideals, and varieties - enabling intuitive yet rigorous diagrammatic reasoning. We showcase two practical viewpoints on GAG. First, we show that instances of counting constraint satisfaction problem (#CSP) are recast as rewrite problems of closed diagrams in GAG. This means that deciding rewritability in GAG is #P-hard, and GAG can be viewed as a complete and compositional rewrite system for networks of polynomial constraints. Second, we characterize the qudit ZH calculus, a diagrammatic language for quantum computation, as an extension of Graphical Algebraic Geometry. This establishes the correspondence that Graphical Algebraic Geometry is to the ZH calculus what Graphical Linear Algebra is to the ZX calculus. Using this construction, we show that computing amplitudes in qudit ZH requires only a constant number of queries to a GAG oracle.

Cite as

Dichuan Gao, Razin A. Shaikh, and Aleks Kissinger. Graphical Algebraic Geometry: From Ideals and Varieties to Quantum Calculi. In 41st Annual Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 380, pp. 48:1-48:28, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)

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@InProceedings{gao_et_al:LIPIcs.LICS.2026.48,
  author =	{Gao, Dichuan and Shaikh, Razin A. and Kissinger, Aleks},
  title =	{{Graphical Algebraic Geometry: From Ideals and Varieties to Quantum Calculi}},
  booktitle =	{41st Annual Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS 2026)},
  pages =	{48:1--48:28},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-434-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{380},
  editor =	{Faggian, Claudia and Katoen, Joost-Pieter},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.LICS.2026.48},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-268354},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.LICS.2026.48},
  annote =	{Keywords: string diagrams, algebraic geometry, ZH calculus, constraint satisfaction}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/DagRep.15.9.58

Quantum Error Correction Meets ZX-Calculus (Dagstuhl Seminar 25382)

Authors: Miriam Backens, Aleks Kissinger, John van de Wetering, Michael Vasmer, and Sarah Meng Li

Published in: Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 9 (2026)

Abstract

This report documents the Dagstuhl Seminar 25382 "Quantum Error Correction Meets ZX-Calculus". The report consists of an executive summary, as well as abstracts on talks, working groups, panel discussions, and open problems.

Cite as

Miriam Backens, Aleks Kissinger, John van de Wetering, Michael Vasmer, and Sarah Meng Li. Quantum Error Correction Meets ZX-Calculus (Dagstuhl Seminar 25382). In Dagstuhl Reports, Volume 15, Issue 9, pp. 58-70, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)

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@Article{backens_et_al:DagRep.15.9.58,
  author =	{Backens, Miriam and Kissinger, Aleks and van de Wetering, John and Vasmer, Michael and Li, Sarah Meng},
  title =	{{Quantum Error Correction Meets ZX-Calculus (Dagstuhl Seminar 25382)}},
  pages =	{58--70},
  journal =	{Dagstuhl Reports},
  ISSN =	{2192-5283},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{15},
  number =	{9},
  editor =	{Backens, Miriam and Kissinger, Aleks and van de Wetering, John and Vasmer, Michael and Li, Sarah Meng},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/DagRep.15.9.58},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-249787},
  doi =		{10.4230/DagRep.15.9.58},
  annote =	{Keywords: fault-tolerance, quantum error correction, ZX-calculus}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2026.12

String Diagrams for Closed Symmetric Monoidal Categories

Authors: Callum Reader and Alessandro Di Giorgio

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 363, 34th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2026)

Abstract

We introduce a graphical language for closed symmetric monoidal categories based on an extension of string diagrams with special bracket wires representing internal homs. These bracket wires make the structure of the internal hom functor explicit, allowing standard morphism wires to interact with them through a well-defined set of graphical rules. We establish the soundness and completeness of the diagrammatic calculus, and illustrate its expressiveness through examples drawn from category theory, logic and programming language semantics.

Cite as

Callum Reader and Alessandro Di Giorgio. String Diagrams for Closed Symmetric Monoidal Categories. In 34th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 363, pp. 12:1-12:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)

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@InProceedings{reader_et_al:LIPIcs.CSL.2026.12,
  author =	{Reader, Callum and Di Giorgio, Alessandro},
  title =	{{String Diagrams for Closed Symmetric Monoidal Categories}},
  booktitle =	{34th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2026)},
  pages =	{12:1--12:23},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-411-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2026},
  volume =	{363},
  editor =	{Guerrini, Stefano and K\"{o}nig, Barbara},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2026.12},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-254369},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2026.12},
  annote =	{Keywords: diagrammatic languages, logic, lambda calculi}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2025.85

Cutoff Theorems for the Equivalence of Parameterized Quantum Circuits

Authors: Neil J. Ross and Scott Wesley

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 345, 50th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2025)

Abstract

Many promising quantum algorithms in economics, medical science, and material science rely on circuits that are parameterized by a large number of angles. To ensure that these algorithms are efficient, these parameterized circuits must be heavily optimized. However, most quantum circuit optimizers are not verified, so this procedure is known to be error-prone. For this reason, there is growing interest in the design of equivalence checking algorithms for parameterized quantum circuits. In this paper, we define a generalized class of parameterized circuits with arbitrary rotations and show that this problem is decidable for cyclotomic gate sets. We propose a cutoff-based procedure which reduces the problem of verifying the equivalence of parameterized quantum circuits to the problem of verifying the equivalence of finitely many parameter-free quantum circuits. Because the number of parameter-free circuits grows exponentially with the number of parameters, we also propose a probabilistic variant of the algorithm for cases when the number of parameters is intractably large. We show that our techniques extend to equivalence modulo global phase, and describe an efficient angle sampling procedure for cyclotomic gate sets.

Cite as

Neil J. Ross and Scott Wesley. Cutoff Theorems for the Equivalence of Parameterized Quantum Circuits. In 50th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 345, pp. 85:1-85:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{ross_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2025.85,
  author =	{Ross, Neil J. and Wesley, Scott},
  title =	{{Cutoff Theorems for the Equivalence of Parameterized Quantum Circuits}},
  booktitle =	{50th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2025)},
  pages =	{85:1--85:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-388-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{345},
  editor =	{Gawrychowski, Pawe{\l} and Mazowiecki, Filip and Skrzypczak, Micha{\l}},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2025.85},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-241921},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2025.85},
  annote =	{Keywords: Quantum Circuits, Parameterized Equivalence Checking}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CP.2025.38

Reducing Quantum Circuit Synthesis to #SAT

Authors: Dekel Zak, Jingyi Mei, Jean-Marie Lagniez, and Alfons Laarman

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 340, 31st International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (CP 2025)

Abstract

Quantum circuit synthesis is the task of decomposing a given quantum operator into a sequence of elementary quantum gates. Since the finite target gate set cannot exactly implement any given operator, approximation is often necessary. Model counting, or #SAT, has recently been demonstrated as a promising new approach for tackling core problems in quantum circuit analysis. In this work, we show for the first time that the universal quantum circuit synthesis problem can be reduced to maximum model counting. We formulate a #SAT encoding for exact and approximate depth-optimal quantum circuit synthesis into the Clifford+T gate set. We evaluate our method with an open-source implementation that uses the maximum model counter d4Max as a backend. For this purpose, we extended d4Max with support for complex and negative weights to represent amplitudes. Experimental results show that existing classical tools have potential for the quantum circuit synthesis problem.

Cite as

Dekel Zak, Jingyi Mei, Jean-Marie Lagniez, and Alfons Laarman. Reducing Quantum Circuit Synthesis to #SAT. In 31st International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (CP 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 340, pp. 38:1-38:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{zak_et_al:LIPIcs.CP.2025.38,
  author =	{Zak, Dekel and Mei, Jingyi and Lagniez, Jean-Marie and Laarman, Alfons},
  title =	{{Reducing Quantum Circuit Synthesis to #SAT}},
  booktitle =	{31st International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (CP 2025)},
  pages =	{38:1--38:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-380-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{340},
  editor =	{de la Banda, Maria Garcia},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CP.2025.38},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-238997},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CP.2025.38},
  annote =	{Keywords: Maximum weighted model counting, quantum circuit synthesis}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CALCO.2025.14

Pareto Fronts for Compositionally Solving String Diagrams of Parity Games

Authors: Kazuki Watanabe

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 342, 11th Conference on Algebra and Coalgebra in Computer Science (CALCO 2025)

Abstract

Open parity games are proposed as a compositional extension of parity games with algebraic operations, forming string diagrams of parity games. A potential application of string diagrams of parity games is to describe a large parity game with a given compositional structure and solve it efficiently as a divide-and-conquer algorithm by exploiting its compositional structure. Building on our recent progress in open Markov decision processes, we introduce Pareto fronts of open parity games, offering a framework for multi-objective solutions. We establish the positional determinacy of open parity games with respect to their Pareto fronts through a novel translation method. Our translation converts an open parity game into a parity game tailored to a given single-objective. Furthermore, we present a simple algorithm for solving open parity games, derived from this translation that allows the application of existing efficient algorithms for parity games. Expanding on this foundation, we develop a compositional algorithm for string diagrams of parity games.

Cite as

Kazuki Watanabe. Pareto Fronts for Compositionally Solving String Diagrams of Parity Games. In 11th Conference on Algebra and Coalgebra in Computer Science (CALCO 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 342, pp. 14:1-14:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{watanabe:LIPIcs.CALCO.2025.14,
  author =	{Watanabe, Kazuki},
  title =	{{Pareto Fronts for Compositionally Solving String Diagrams of Parity Games}},
  booktitle =	{11th Conference on Algebra and Coalgebra in Computer Science (CALCO 2025)},
  pages =	{14:1--14:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-383-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{342},
  editor =	{C\^{i}rstea, Corina and Knapp, Alexander},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CALCO.2025.14},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-235734},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CALCO.2025.14},
  annote =	{Keywords: parity game, compositionality, string diagram}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2025.22

Branch Sequentialization in Quantum Polytime

Authors: Emmanuel Hainry, Romain Péchoux, and Mário Silva

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 337, 10th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2025)

Abstract

Quantum algorithms leverage the use of quantumly-controlled data in order to achieve computational advantage. This implies that the programs use constructs depending on quantum data and not just classical data such as measurement outcomes. Current compilation strategies for quantum control flow involve compiling the branches of a quantum conditional, either in-depth or in-width, which in general leads to circuits of exponential size. This problem is coined as the branch sequentialization problem. We introduce and study a compilation technique for avoiding branch sequentialization on a language that is sound and complete for quantum polynomial time, thus, improving on existing polynomial-size-preserving compilation techniques.

Cite as

Emmanuel Hainry, Romain Péchoux, and Mário Silva. Branch Sequentialization in Quantum Polytime. In 10th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 337, pp. 22:1-22:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{hainry_et_al:LIPIcs.FSCD.2025.22,
  author =	{Hainry, Emmanuel and P\'{e}choux, Romain and Silva, M\'{a}rio},
  title =	{{Branch Sequentialization in Quantum Polytime}},
  booktitle =	{10th International Conference on Formal Structures for Computation and Deduction (FSCD 2025)},
  pages =	{22:1--22:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-374-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{337},
  editor =	{Fern\'{a}ndez, Maribel},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2025.22},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-236373},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSCD.2025.22},
  annote =	{Keywords: Quantum Programs, Implicit Computational Complexity, Quantum Circuits}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2025.48

Quantum and Classical Markovian Graphical Causal Models and Their Identification

Authors: Jonathan Barrett, Isaac Friend, and Aleks Kissinger

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 326, 33rd EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2025)

Abstract

Markov categories allow formalization of probabilistic and causal reasoning in a general setting that applies uniformly to many different kinds of classical probabilistic processes. It has so far been challenging, however, to generalize these techniques to reasoning about quantum processes, as the quantum no-cloning theorem forbids "copy" maps of the sort that have been used to axiomatize conditional independence, and the related notions of complete common causes and Markovianity, in classical Bayesian networks. Here, we introduce a new categorical notion of Markovian causal model, according to which a distinguished subcategory of "common cause" maps plays a similar role to that of "copy" maps in the categorical formulation of Bayesian networks. Moreover, defining causal models as second-order processes yields a clean and flexible formulation of interventions. Our formalism is both rich enough to handle "complete common cause" assumptions and general enough to encompass not only standard classical causal identification scenarios, but also quantum causal scenarios and new kinds of classical causal identification based on imperfect observations. Furthermore, we show that one can reason uniformly across all of these cases using string-diagrammatic techniques.

Cite as

Jonathan Barrett, Isaac Friend, and Aleks Kissinger. Quantum and Classical Markovian Graphical Causal Models and Their Identification. In 33rd EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 326, pp. 48:1-48:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{barrett_et_al:LIPIcs.CSL.2025.48,
  author =	{Barrett, Jonathan and Friend, Isaac and Kissinger, Aleks},
  title =	{{Quantum and Classical Markovian Graphical Causal Models and Their Identification}},
  booktitle =	{33rd EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2025)},
  pages =	{48:1--48:23},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-362-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{326},
  editor =	{Endrullis, J\"{o}rg and Schmitz, Sylvain},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2025.48},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-228054},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2025.48},
  annote =	{Keywords: causal inference, Bayesian networks, quantum combs, process theories}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2025.49

Minimality in Finite-Dimensional ZW-Calculi

Authors: Marc de Visme and Renaud Vilmart

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 326, 33rd EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2025)

Abstract

The ZW-calculus is a graphical language capable of representing 2-dimensional quantum systems (qubit) through its diagrams, and manipulating them through its equational theory. We extend the formalism to accommodate finite dimensional Hilbert spaces beyond qubit systems. First we define a qudit version of the language, where all systems have the same arbitrary finite dimension d, and show that the provided equational theory is both complete - i.e. semantical equivalence is entirely captured by the equations - and minimal - i.e. none of the equations are consequences of the others. We then extend the graphical language further to allow for mixed-dimensional systems. We again show the completeness and minimality of the provided equational theory.

Cite as

Marc de Visme and Renaud Vilmart. Minimality in Finite-Dimensional ZW-Calculi. In 33rd EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 326, pp. 49:1-49:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)

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@InProceedings{devisme_et_al:LIPIcs.CSL.2025.49,
  author =	{de Visme, Marc and Vilmart, Renaud},
  title =	{{Minimality in Finite-Dimensional ZW-Calculi}},
  booktitle =	{33rd EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2025)},
  pages =	{49:1--49:22},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-362-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2025},
  volume =	{326},
  editor =	{Endrullis, J\"{o}rg and Schmitz, Sylvain},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2025.49},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-228067},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2025.49},
  annote =	{Keywords: Quantum Computing, Categorical Quantum Mechanics, ZW-calculus, Qudits, Finite Dimensional Hilbert Spaces, Completeness, Minimality}
}

Document

Survey

DOI: 10.4230/TGDK.1.1.12

Structural Summarization of Semantic Graphs Using Quotients

Authors: Ansgar Scherp, David Richerby, Till Blume, Michael Cochez, and Jannik Rau

Published in: TGDK, Volume 1, Issue 1 (2023): Special Issue on Trends in Graph Data and Knowledge. Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge, Volume 1, Issue 1

Abstract

Graph summarization is the process of computing a compact version of an input graph while preserving chosen features of its structure. We consider semantic graphs where the features include edge labels and label sets associated with a vertex. Graph summaries are typically much smaller than the original graph. Applications that depend on the preserved features can perform their tasks on the summary, but much faster or with less memory overhead, while producing the same outcome as if they were applied on the original graph. In this survey, we focus on structural summaries based on quotients that organize vertices in equivalence classes of shared features. Structural summaries are particularly popular for semantic graphs and have the advantage of defining a precise graph-based output. We consider approaches and algorithms for both static and temporal graphs. A common example of quotient-based structural summaries is bisimulation, and we discuss this in detail. While there exist other surveys on graph summarization, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first to bring in a focused discussion on quotients, bisimulation, and their relation. Furthermore, structural summarization naturally connects well with formal logic due to the discrete structures considered. We complete the survey with a brief description of approaches beyond structural summaries.

Cite as

Ansgar Scherp, David Richerby, Till Blume, Michael Cochez, and Jannik Rau. Structural Summarization of Semantic Graphs Using Quotients. In Special Issue on Trends in Graph Data and Knowledge. Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge (TGDK), Volume 1, Issue 1, pp. 12:1-12:25, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@Article{scherp_et_al:TGDK.1.1.12,
  author =	{Scherp, Ansgar and Richerby, David and Blume, Till and Cochez, Michael and Rau, Jannik},
  title =	{{Structural Summarization of Semantic Graphs Using Quotients}},
  journal =	{Transactions on Graph Data and Knowledge},
  pages =	{12:1--12:25},
  ISSN =	{2942-7517},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{1},
  number =	{1},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/TGDK.1.1.12},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-194862},
  doi =		{10.4230/TGDK.1.1.12},
  annote =	{Keywords: graph summarization, quotients, stratified bisimulation}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.80

Higher-Order Causal Theories Are Models of BV-Logic

Authors: Will Simmons and Aleks Kissinger

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 241, 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)

Abstract

The Caus[-] construction takes a compact closed category of basic processes and yields a *-autonomous category of higher-order processes obeying certain signalling/causality constraints, as dictated by the type system in the resulting category. This paper looks at instances where the base category C satisfies additional properties yielding an affine-linear structure on Caus[𝒞] and a substantially richer internal logic. While the original construction only gave multiplicative linear logic, here we additionally obtain additives and a non-commutative, self-dual sequential product yielding a model of Guglielmi’s BV logic. Furthermore, we obtain a natural interpretation for the sequential product as "A can signal to B, but not vice-versa", which sits as expected between the non-signalling tensor and the fully-signalling (i.e. unconstrained) par. Fixing matrices of positive numbers for 𝒞 recovers the BV category structure of probabilistic coherence spaces identified by Blute, Panangaden, and Slavnov, restricted to normalised maps. On the other hand, fixing the category of completely positive maps gives an entirely new model of BV consisting of higher order quantum channels, encompassing recent work in the study of quantum and indefinite causal structures.

Cite as

Will Simmons and Aleks Kissinger. Higher-Order Causal Theories Are Models of BV-Logic. In 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 241, pp. 80:1-80:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{simmons_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.80,
  author =	{Simmons, Will and Kissinger, Aleks},
  title =	{{Higher-Order Causal Theories Are Models of BV-Logic}},
  booktitle =	{47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)},
  pages =	{80:1--80:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-256-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{241},
  editor =	{Szeider, Stefan and Ganian, Robert and Silva, Alexandra},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.80},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-168789},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.80},
  annote =	{Keywords: Causality, linear logic, categorical logic, probabilistic coherence spaces, quantum channels}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.TQC.2022.5

Classical Simulation of Quantum Circuits with Partial and Graphical Stabiliser Decompositions

Authors: Aleks Kissinger, John van de Wetering, and Renaud Vilmart

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 232, 17th Conference on the Theory of Quantum Computation, Communication and Cryptography (TQC 2022)

Abstract

Recent developments in classical simulation of quantum circuits make use of clever decompositions of chunks of magic states into sums of efficiently simulable stabiliser states. We show here how, by considering certain non-stabiliser entangled states which have more favourable decompositions, we can speed up these simulations. This is made possible by using the ZX-calculus, which allows us to easily find instances of these entangled states in the simplified diagram representing the quantum circuit to be simulated. We additionally find a new technique of partial stabiliser decompositions that allow us to trade magic states for stabiliser terms. With this technique we require only 2^{α t} stabiliser terms, where α≈ 0.396, to simulate a circuit with T-count t. This matches the α found by Qassim et al. [Qassim et al., 2021], but whereas they only get this scaling in the asymptotic limit, ours applies for a circuit of any size. Our method builds upon a recently proposed scheme for simulation combining stabiliser decompositions and optimisation strategies implemented in the software QuiZX [Kissinger and van de Wetering, 2022]. With our techniques we manage to reliably simulate 50-qubit 1400 T-count hidden shift circuits in a couple of minutes on a consumer laptop.

Cite as

Aleks Kissinger, John van de Wetering, and Renaud Vilmart. Classical Simulation of Quantum Circuits with Partial and Graphical Stabiliser Decompositions. In 17th Conference on the Theory of Quantum Computation, Communication and Cryptography (TQC 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 232, pp. 5:1-5:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{kissinger_et_al:LIPIcs.TQC.2022.5,
  author =	{Kissinger, Aleks and van de Wetering, John and Vilmart, Renaud},
  title =	{{Classical Simulation of Quantum Circuits with Partial and Graphical Stabiliser Decompositions}},
  booktitle =	{17th Conference on the Theory of Quantum Computation, Communication and Cryptography (TQC 2022)},
  pages =	{5:1--5:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-237-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{232},
  editor =	{Le Gall, Fran\c{c}ois and Morimae, Tomoyuki},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.TQC.2022.5},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-165128},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.TQC.2022.5},
  annote =	{Keywords: ZX-calculus, Stabiliser Rank, Quantum Simulation}
}

Document

Track B: Automata, Logic, Semantics, and Theory of Programming

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.119

Circuit Extraction for ZX-Diagrams Can Be #P-Hard

Authors: Niel de Beaudrap, Aleks Kissinger, and John van de Wetering

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 229, 49th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2022)

Abstract

The ZX-calculus is a graphical language for reasoning about quantum computation using ZX-diagrams, a certain flexible generalisation of quantum circuits that can be used to represent linear maps from m to n qubits for any m,n ≥ 0. Some applications for the ZX-calculus, such as quantum circuit optimisation and synthesis, rely on being able to efficiently translate a ZX-diagram back into a quantum circuit of comparable size. While several sufficient conditions are known for describing families of ZX-diagrams that can be efficiently transformed back into circuits, it has previously been conjectured that the general problem of circuit extraction is hard. That is, that it should not be possible to efficiently convert an arbitrary ZX-diagram describing a unitary linear map into an equivalent quantum circuit. In this paper we prove this conjecture by showing that the circuit extraction problem is #P-hard, and so is itself at least as hard as strong simulation of quantum circuits. In addition to our main hardness result, which relies specifically on the circuit representation, we give a representation-agnostic hardness result. Namely, we show that any oracle that takes as input a ZX-diagram description of a unitary and produces samples of the output of the associated quantum computation enables efficient probabilistic solutions to NP-complete problems.

Cite as

Niel de Beaudrap, Aleks Kissinger, and John van de Wetering. Circuit Extraction for ZX-Diagrams Can Be #P-Hard. In 49th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 229, pp. 119:1-119:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{debeaudrap_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.119,
  author =	{de Beaudrap, Niel and Kissinger, Aleks and van de Wetering, John},
  title =	{{Circuit Extraction for ZX-Diagrams Can Be #P-Hard}},
  booktitle =	{49th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2022)},
  pages =	{119:1--119:19},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-235-8},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{229},
  editor =	{Boja\'{n}czyk, Miko{\l}aj and Merelli, Emanuela and Woodruff, David P.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.119},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-164601},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2022.119},
  annote =	{Keywords: ZX-calculus, circuit extraction, quantum circuits, #P}
}

Document

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.TQC.2020.11

Fast and Effective Techniques for T-Count Reduction via Spider Nest Identities

Authors: Niel de Beaudrap, Xiaoning Bian, and Quanlong Wang

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 158, 15th Conference on the Theory of Quantum Computation, Communication and Cryptography (TQC 2020)

Abstract

In fault-tolerant quantum computing systems, realising (approximately) universal quantum computation is usually described in terms of realising Clifford+T operations, which is to say a circuit of CNOT, Hadamard, and π/2-phase rotations, together with T operations (π/4-phase rotations). For many error correcting codes, fault-tolerant realisations of Clifford operations are significantly less resource-intensive than those of T gates, which motivates finding ways to realise the same transformation involving T-count (the number of T gates involved) which is as low as possible. Investigations into this problem [Matthew Amy et al., 2013; Gosset et al., 2014; Matthew Amy et al., 2014; Matthew Amy et al., 2018; Earl T. Campbell and Mark Howard, 2017; Matthew Amy and Michele Mosca, 2019] has led to observations that this problem is closely related to NP-hard tensor decomposition problems [Luke E. Heyfron and Earl T. Campbell, 2018] and is tantamount to the difficult problem of decoding exponentially long Reed-Muller codes [Matthew Amy and Michele Mosca, 2019]. This problem then presents itself as one for which must be content in practise with approximate optimisation, in which one develops an array of tactics to be deployed through some pragmatic strategy. In this vein, we describe techniques to reduce the T-count, based on the effective application of "spider nest identities": easily recognised products of parity-phase operations which are equivalent to the identity operation. We demonstrate the effectiveness of such techniques by obtaining improvements in the T-counts of a number of circuits, in run-times which are typically less than the time required to make a fresh cup of coffee.

Cite as

Niel de Beaudrap, Xiaoning Bian, and Quanlong Wang. Fast and Effective Techniques for T-Count Reduction via Spider Nest Identities. In 15th Conference on the Theory of Quantum Computation, Communication and Cryptography (TQC 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 158, pp. 11:1-11:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{debeaudrap_et_al:LIPIcs.TQC.2020.11,
  author =	{de Beaudrap, Niel and Bian, Xiaoning and Wang, Quanlong},
  title =	{{Fast and Effective Techniques for T-Count Reduction via Spider Nest Identities}},
  booktitle =	{15th Conference on the Theory of Quantum Computation, Communication and Cryptography (TQC 2020)},
  pages =	{11:1--11:23},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-146-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{158},
  editor =	{Flammia, Steven T.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.TQC.2020.11},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-120705},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.TQC.2020.11},
  annote =	{Keywords: T-count, Parity-phase operations, Phase gadgets, Clifford hierarchy, ZX calculus}
}

Document

Tool Paper

DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CALCO.2019.20

CARTOGRAPHER: A Tool for String Diagrammatic Reasoning (Tool Paper)

Authors: Paweł Sobociński, Paul W. Wilson, and Fabio Zanasi

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 139, 8th Conference on Algebra and Coalgebra in Computer Science (CALCO 2019)

Abstract

We introduce cartographer, a tool for editing and rewriting string diagrams of symmetric monoidal categories. Our approach is principled: the layout exploits the isomorphism between string diagrams and certain cospans of hypergraphs; the implementation of rewriting is based on the soundness and completeness of convex double-pushout rewriting for string diagram rewriting.

Cite as

Paweł Sobociński, Paul W. Wilson, and Fabio Zanasi. CARTOGRAPHER: A Tool for String Diagrammatic Reasoning (Tool Paper). In 8th Conference on Algebra and Coalgebra in Computer Science (CALCO 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 139, pp. 20:1-20:7, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{sobocinski_et_al:LIPIcs.CALCO.2019.20,
  author =	{Soboci\'{n}ski, Pawe{\l} and Wilson, Paul W. and Zanasi, Fabio},
  title =	{{CARTOGRAPHER: A Tool for String Diagrammatic Reasoning}},
  booktitle =	{8th Conference on Algebra and Coalgebra in Computer Science (CALCO 2019)},
  pages =	{20:1--20:7},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-120-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{139},
  editor =	{Roggenbach, Markus and Sokolova, Ana},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CALCO.2019.20},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-114482},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CALCO.2019.20},
  annote =	{Keywords: tool, string diagram, symmetric monoidal category, graphical reasoning}
}

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