9 Search Results for "Mucha, Marcin"


Document
Computing Treedepth in Polynomial Space and Linear FPT Time

Authors: Wojciech Nadara, Michał Pilipczuk, and Marcin Smulewicz

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 244, 30th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2022)


Abstract
The treedepth of a graph G is the least possible depth of an elimination forest of G: a rooted forest on the same vertex set where every pair of vertices adjacent in G is bound by the ancestor/descendant relation. We propose an algorithm that given a graph G and an integer d, either finds an elimination forest of G of depth at most d or concludes that no such forest exists; thus the algorithm decides whether the treedepth of G is at most d. The running time is 2^𝒪(d²)⋅n^𝒪(1) and the space usage is polynomial in n. Further, by allowing randomization, the time and space complexities can be improved to 2^𝒪(d²)⋅n and d^𝒪(1)⋅n, respectively. This improves upon the algorithm of Reidl et al. [ICALP 2014], which also has time complexity 2^𝒪(d²)⋅n, but uses exponential space.

Cite as

Wojciech Nadara, Michał Pilipczuk, and Marcin Smulewicz. Computing Treedepth in Polynomial Space and Linear FPT Time. In 30th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 244, pp. 79:1-79:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)


Copy BibTex To Clipboard

@InProceedings{nadara_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2022.79,
  author =	{Nadara, Wojciech and Pilipczuk, Micha{\l} and Smulewicz, Marcin},
  title =	{{Computing Treedepth in Polynomial Space and Linear FPT Time}},
  booktitle =	{30th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2022)},
  pages =	{79:1--79:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-247-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{244},
  editor =	{Chechik, Shiri and Navarro, Gonzalo and Rotenberg, Eva and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2022.79},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-170175},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2022.79},
  annote =	{Keywords: treedepth, FPT, polynomial space}
}
Document
The PACE 2020 Parameterized Algorithms and Computational Experiments Challenge: Treedepth

Authors: Łukasz Kowalik, Marcin Mucha, Wojciech Nadara, Marcin Pilipczuk, Manuel Sorge, and Piotr Wygocki

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 180, 15th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2020)


Abstract
This year’s Parameterized Algorithms and Computational Experiments challenge (PACE 2020) was devoted to the problem of computing the treedepth of a given graph. Altogether 51 participants from 20 teams, 12 countries and 3 continents submitted their implementations to the competition. In this report, we describe the setup of the challenge, the selection of benchmark instances and the ranking of the participating teams. We also briefly discuss the approaches used in the submitted solvers and the differences in their performance on our benchmark dataset.

Cite as

Łukasz Kowalik, Marcin Mucha, Wojciech Nadara, Marcin Pilipczuk, Manuel Sorge, and Piotr Wygocki. The PACE 2020 Parameterized Algorithms and Computational Experiments Challenge: Treedepth. In 15th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 180, pp. 37:1-37:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)


Copy BibTex To Clipboard

@InProceedings{kowalik_et_al:LIPIcs.IPEC.2020.37,
  author =	{Kowalik, {\L}ukasz and Mucha, Marcin and Nadara, Wojciech and Pilipczuk, Marcin and Sorge, Manuel and Wygocki, Piotr},
  title =	{{The PACE 2020 Parameterized Algorithms and Computational Experiments Challenge: Treedepth}},
  booktitle =	{15th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2020)},
  pages =	{37:1--37:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-172-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{180},
  editor =	{Cao, Yixin and Pilipczuk, Marcin},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2020.37},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-133404},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2020.37},
  annote =	{Keywords: computing treedepth, contest, implementation challenge, FPT}
}
Document
Equal-Subset-Sum Faster Than the Meet-in-the-Middle

Authors: Marcin Mucha, Jesper Nederlof, Jakub Pawlewicz, and Karol Węgrzycki

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 144, 27th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2019)


Abstract
In the Equal-Subset-Sum problem, we are given a set S of n integers and the problem is to decide if there exist two disjoint nonempty subsets A,B subseteq S, whose elements sum up to the same value. The problem is NP-complete. The state-of-the-art algorithm runs in O^*(3^(n/2)) <= O^*(1.7321^n) time and is based on the meet-in-the-middle technique. In this paper, we improve upon this algorithm and give O^*(1.7088^n) worst case Monte Carlo algorithm. This answers a question suggested by Woeginger in his inspirational survey. Additionally, we analyse the polynomial space algorithm for Equal-Subset-Sum. A naive polynomial space algorithm for Equal-Subset-Sum runs in O^*(3^n) time. With read-only access to the exponentially many random bits, we show a randomized algorithm running in O^*(2.6817^n) time and polynomial space.

Cite as

Marcin Mucha, Jesper Nederlof, Jakub Pawlewicz, and Karol Węgrzycki. Equal-Subset-Sum Faster Than the Meet-in-the-Middle. In 27th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 144, pp. 73:1-73:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)


Copy BibTex To Clipboard

@InProceedings{mucha_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2019.73,
  author =	{Mucha, Marcin and Nederlof, Jesper and Pawlewicz, Jakub and W\k{e}grzycki, Karol},
  title =	{{Equal-Subset-Sum Faster Than the Meet-in-the-Middle}},
  booktitle =	{27th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2019)},
  pages =	{73:1--73:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-124-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{144},
  editor =	{Bender, Michael A. and Svensson, Ola and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2019.73},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-111946},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2019.73},
  annote =	{Keywords: Equal-Subset-Sum, Subset-Sum, meet-in-the-middle, enumeration technique, randomized algorithm}
}
Document
Online Facility Location with Deletions

Authors: Marek Cygan, Artur Czumaj, Marcin Mucha, and Piotr Sankowski

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 112, 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)


Abstract
In this paper we study three previously unstudied variants of the online Facility Location problem, considering an intrinsic scenario when the clients and facilities are not only allowed to arrive to the system, but they can also depart at any moment. We begin with the study of a natural fully-dynamic online uncapacitated model where clients can be both added and removed. When a client arrives, then it has to be assigned either to an existing facility or to a new facility opened at the client's location. However, when a client who has been also one of the open facilities is to be removed, then our model has to allow to reconnect all clients that have been connected to that removed facility. In this model, we present an optimal O(log(n_{act}) / log log(n_{act}))-competitive algorithm, where n_{act} is the number of active clients at the end of the input sequence. Next, we turn our attention to the capacitated Facility Location problem. We first note that if no deletions are allowed, then one can achieve an optimal competitive ratio of O(log(n) / log(log n)), where n is the length of the sequence. However, when deletions are allowed, the capacitated version of the problem is significantly more challenging than the uncapacitated one. We show that still, using a more sophisticated algorithmic approach, one can obtain an online O(log N + log c log n)-competitive algorithm for the capacitated Facility Location problem in the fully dynamic model, where N is number of points in the input metric and c is the capacity of any open facility.

Cite as

Marek Cygan, Artur Czumaj, Marcin Mucha, and Piotr Sankowski. Online Facility Location with Deletions. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 21:1-21:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)


Copy BibTex To Clipboard

@InProceedings{cygan_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.21,
  author =	{Cygan, Marek and Czumaj, Artur and Mucha, Marcin and Sankowski, Piotr},
  title =	{{Online Facility Location with Deletions}},
  booktitle =	{26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
  pages =	{21:1--21:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-081-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{112},
  editor =	{Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.21},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94843},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.21},
  annote =	{Keywords: online algorithms, facility location, fully-dynamic online algorithms}
}
Document
Dynamic Beats Fixed: On Phase-Based Algorithms for File Migration

Authors: Marcin Bienkowski, Jaroslaw Byrka, and Marcin Mucha

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 80, 44th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2017)


Abstract
In this paper, we construct a deterministic 4-competitive algorithm for the online file migration problem, beating the currently best 20-year old, 4.086-competitive MTLM algorithm by Bartal et al. (SODA 1997). Like MTLM, our algorithm also operates in phases, but it adapts their lengths dynamically depending on the geometry of requests seen so far. The improvement was obtained by carefully analyzing a linear model (factor-revealing LP) of a single phase of the algorithm. We also show that if an online algorithm operates in phases of fixed length and the adversary is able to modify the graph between phases, no algorithm can beat the competitive ratio of 4.086.

Cite as

Marcin Bienkowski, Jaroslaw Byrka, and Marcin Mucha. Dynamic Beats Fixed: On Phase-Based Algorithms for File Migration. In 44th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 80, pp. 13:1-13:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)


Copy BibTex To Clipboard

@InProceedings{bienkowski_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2017.13,
  author =	{Bienkowski, Marcin and Byrka, Jaroslaw and Mucha, Marcin},
  title =	{{Dynamic Beats Fixed: On Phase-Based Algorithms for File Migration}},
  booktitle =	{44th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2017)},
  pages =	{13:1--13:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-041-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{80},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Indyk, Piotr and Kuhn, Fabian and Muscholl, Anca},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2017.13},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-73942},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2017.13},
  annote =	{Keywords: file migration, factor-revealing linear programs, online algorithms, competitive analysis}
}
Document
On Problems Equivalent to (min,+)-Convolution

Authors: Marek Cygan, Marcin Mucha, Karol Wegrzycki, and Michal Wlodarczyk

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 80, 44th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2017)


Abstract
In the recent years, significant progress has been made in explaining apparent hardness of improving over naive solutions for many fundamental polynomially solvable problems. This came in the form of conditional lower bounds -- reductions from a problem assumed to be hard. These include 3SUM, All-Pairs Shortest Paths, SAT and Orthogonal Vectors, and others. In the (min,+)-convolution problem, the goal is to compute a sequence c, where c[k] = min_i a[i]+b[k-i], given sequences a and b. This can easily be done in O(n^2) time, but no O(n^{2-eps}) algorithm is known for eps > 0. In this paper we undertake a systematic study of the (min,+)-convolution problem as a hardness assumption. As the first step, we establish equivalence of this problem to a group of other problems, including variants of the classic knapsack problem and problems related to subadditive sequences. The (min,+)-convolution has been used as a building block in algorithms for many problems, notably problems in stringology. It has also already appeared as an ad hoc hardness assumption. We investigate some of these connections and provide new reductions and other results.

Cite as

Marek Cygan, Marcin Mucha, Karol Wegrzycki, and Michal Wlodarczyk. On Problems Equivalent to (min,+)-Convolution. In 44th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 80, pp. 22:1-22:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)


Copy BibTex To Clipboard

@InProceedings{cygan_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2017.22,
  author =	{Cygan, Marek and Mucha, Marcin and Wegrzycki, Karol and Wlodarczyk, Michal},
  title =	{{On Problems Equivalent to (min,+)-Convolution}},
  booktitle =	{44th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2017)},
  pages =	{22:1--22:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-041-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{80},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Indyk, Piotr and Kuhn, Fabian and Muscholl, Anca},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2017.22},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-74216},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2017.22},
  annote =	{Keywords: fine-grained complexity, knapsack, conditional lower bounds, (min,+)-convolution, subquadratic equivalence}
}
Document
Shortest Superstring

Authors: Marcin Mucha

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 78, 28th Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2017)


Abstract
In the Shortest Superstring problem (SS) one has to find a shortest string s containing given strings s_1,...,s_n as substrings. The problem is NP-hard, so a natural question is that of its approximability. One natural approach to approximately solving SS is the following GREEDY heuristic: repeatedly merge two strings with the largest overlap until only a single string is left. This heuristic is conjectured to be a 2-approximation, but even after 30 years since the conjecture has been posed, we are still very far from proving it. The situation is better for non-greedy approximation algorithms, where several approaches yielding 2.5-approximation (and better) are known. In this talk, we will survey the main results in the area, focusing on the fundamental ideas and intuitions.

Cite as

Marcin Mucha. Shortest Superstring. In 28th Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 78, p. 3:1, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)


Copy BibTex To Clipboard

@InProceedings{mucha:LIPIcs.CPM.2017.3,
  author =	{Mucha, Marcin},
  title =	{{Shortest Superstring}},
  booktitle =	{28th Annual Symposium on Combinatorial Pattern Matching (CPM 2017)},
  pages =	{3:1--3:1},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-039-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{78},
  editor =	{K\"{a}rkk\"{a}inen, Juha and Radoszewski, Jakub and Rytter, Wojciech},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2017.3},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-73483},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CPM.2017.3},
  annote =	{Keywords: shortest superstring, approximation algorithms}
}
Document
13/9-approximation for Graphic TSP

Authors: Marcin Mucha

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 14, 29th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2012)


Abstract
The Travelling Salesman Problem is one of the most fundamental and most studied problems in approximation algorithms. For more than 30 years, the best algorithm known for general metrics has been Christofides's algorithm with approximation factor of 3/2, even though the so-called Held-Karp LP relaxation of the problem is conjectured to have the integrality gap of only 4/3. Very recently, significant progress has been made for the important special case of graphic metrics, first by Oveis Gharan et al. (2011), and then by Momke and Svensson (2011). In this paper, we provide an improved analysis of the approach used by the latter, yielding a bound of 13/9 on the approximation factor, as well as a bound of 19/12+epsilon for any epsilon>0 for a more general Travelling Salesman Path Problem in graphic metrics.

Cite as

Marcin Mucha. 13/9-approximation for Graphic TSP. In 29th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2012). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 14, pp. 30-41, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2012)


Copy BibTex To Clipboard

@InProceedings{mucha:LIPIcs.STACS.2012.30,
  author =	{Mucha, Marcin},
  title =	{{13/9-approximation for Graphic TSP}},
  booktitle =	{29th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2012)},
  pages =	{30--41},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-35-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2012},
  volume =	{14},
  editor =	{D\"{u}rr, Christoph and Wilke, Thomas},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2012.30},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-34025},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2012.30},
  annote =	{Keywords: approximation algorithms, travelling salesman problem}
}
Document
Approximation Algorithms for Union and Intersection Covering Problems

Authors: Marek Cygan, Fabrizio Grandoni, Stefano Leonardi, Marcin Mucha, Marcin Pilipczuk, and Piotr Sankowski

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 13, IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2011)


Abstract
In a classical covering problem, we are given a set of requests that we need to satisfy (fully or partially), by buying a subset of items at minimum cost. For example, in the k-MST problem we want to find the cheapest tree spanning at least k nodes of an edge-weighted graph. Here, nodes represent requests whereas edges correspond to items. In this paper, we initiate the study of a new family of multi-layer covering problems. Each such problem consists of a collection of h distinct instances of a standard covering problem (layers), with the constraint that all layers share the same set of requests. We identify two main subfamilies of these problems: - in an union multi-layer problem, a request is satisfied if it is satisfied in at least one layer; - in an intersection multi-layer problem, a request is satisfied if it is satisfied in all layers. To see some natural applications, consider both generalizations of k-MST. Union k-MST can model a problem where we are asked to connect a set of users to at least one of two communication networks, e.g., a wireless and a wired network. On the other hand, Intersection k-MST can formalize the problem of providing both electricity and water to at least k users.

Cite as

Marek Cygan, Fabrizio Grandoni, Stefano Leonardi, Marcin Mucha, Marcin Pilipczuk, and Piotr Sankowski. Approximation Algorithms for Union and Intersection Covering Problems. In IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2011). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 13, pp. 28-40, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2011)


Copy BibTex To Clipboard

@InProceedings{cygan_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2011.28,
  author =	{Cygan, Marek and Grandoni, Fabrizio and Leonardi, Stefano and Mucha, Marcin and Pilipczuk, Marcin and Sankowski, Piotr},
  title =	{{Approximation Algorithms for Union and Intersection Covering Problems}},
  booktitle =	{IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2011)},
  pages =	{28--40},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-34-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2011},
  volume =	{13},
  editor =	{Chakraborty, Supratik and Kumar, Amit},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2011.28},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-33213},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2011.28},
  annote =	{Keywords: Approximation algorithms, Partial covering problems}
}
  • Refine by Author
  • 8 Mucha, Marcin
  • 3 Cygan, Marek
  • 2 Nadara, Wojciech
  • 2 Pilipczuk, Marcin
  • 2 Sankowski, Piotr
  • Show More...

  • Refine by Classification

  • Refine by Keyword
  • 2 FPT
  • 2 approximation algorithms
  • 2 online algorithms
  • 1 (min,+)-convolution
  • 1 Approximation algorithms
  • Show More...

  • Refine by Type
  • 9 document

  • Refine by Publication Year
  • 3 2017
  • 1 2011
  • 1 2012
  • 1 2018
  • 1 2019
  • Show More...

Questions / Remarks / Feedback
X

Feedback for Dagstuhl Publishing


Thanks for your feedback!

Feedback submitted

Could not send message

Please try again later or send an E-mail