Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 362, 17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026)
Shaofeng H.-C. Jiang, Robert Krauthgamer, Shay Sapir, Sandeep Silwal, and Di Yue. Dimension Reduction for Clustering: The Curious Case of Discrete Centers. In 17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 362, pp. 82:1-82:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)
@InProceedings{jiang_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2026.82,
author = {Jiang, Shaofeng H.-C. and Krauthgamer, Robert and Sapir, Shay and Silwal, Sandeep and Yue, Di},
title = {{Dimension Reduction for Clustering: The Curious Case of Discrete Centers}},
booktitle = {17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026)},
pages = {82:1--82:23},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-410-9},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2026},
volume = {362},
editor = {Saraf, Shubhangi},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2026.82},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-253698},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2026.82},
annote = {Keywords: dimension reduction, clustering, k-median, k-means, doubling dimension}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 358, 20th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2025)
Tobias Friedrich, Kirill Simonov, and Farehe Soheil. Binary k-Center with Missing Entries: Structure Leads to Tractability. In 20th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 358, pp. 8:1-8:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{friedrich_et_al:LIPIcs.IPEC.2025.8,
author = {Friedrich, Tobias and Simonov, Kirill and Soheil, Farehe},
title = {{Binary k-Center with Missing Entries: Structure Leads to Tractability}},
booktitle = {20th International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation (IPEC 2025)},
pages = {8:1--8:19},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-407-9},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {358},
editor = {Agrawal, Akanksha and van Leeuwen, Erik Jan},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2025.8},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-251403},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.IPEC.2025.8},
annote = {Keywords: Clustering, Missing Entries, k-Center, Parameterized Algorithms}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 351, 33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025)
Magnús M. Halldórsson, Nicolaos Matsakis, and Pavel Veselý. Streaming Diameter of High-Dimensional Points. In 33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 351, pp. 58:1-58:10, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{halldorsson_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2025.58,
author = {Halld\'{o}rsson, Magn\'{u}s M. and Matsakis, Nicolaos and Vesel\'{y}, Pavel},
title = {{Streaming Diameter of High-Dimensional Points}},
booktitle = {33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025)},
pages = {58:1--58:10},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-395-9},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {351},
editor = {Benoit, Anne and Kaplan, Haim and Wild, Sebastian and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2025.58},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-245263},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2025.58},
annote = {Keywords: streaming algorithm, farthest pair, diameter, minimum enclosing ball, coreset}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 351, 33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025)
Michał Włodarczyk. Going Beyond Surfaces in Diameter Approximation. In 33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 351, pp. 39:1-39:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{wlodarczyk:LIPIcs.ESA.2025.39,
author = {W{\l}odarczyk, Micha{\l}},
title = {{Going Beyond Surfaces in Diameter Approximation}},
booktitle = {33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025)},
pages = {39:1--39:19},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-395-9},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {351},
editor = {Benoit, Anne and Kaplan, Haim and Wild, Sebastian and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2025.39},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-245076},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2025.39},
annote = {Keywords: diameter, approximation, distance oracles, graph minors, treewidth}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 353, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2025)
Kinter Ren and Mohammad R. Salavatipour. Approximation Schemes for Orienteering and Deadline TSP in Doubling Metrics. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 353, pp. 1:1-1:22, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{ren_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2025.1,
author = {Ren, Kinter and Salavatipour, Mohammad R.},
title = {{Approximation Schemes for Orienteering and Deadline TSP in Doubling Metrics}},
booktitle = {Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2025)},
pages = {1:1--1:22},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-397-3},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {353},
editor = {Ene, Alina and Chattopadhyay, Eshan},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2025.1},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-243678},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2025.1},
annote = {Keywords: Deadline Traveling Salesman Problem, Orienteering, Doubling Metrics, Approximation algorithm}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 353, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2025)
Chandra Chekuri, Rhea Jain, Sepideh Mahabadi, and Ali Vakilian. Streaming Algorithms for Network Design. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 353, pp. 4:1-4:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{chekuri_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2025.4,
author = {Chekuri, Chandra and Jain, Rhea and Mahabadi, Sepideh and Vakilian, Ali},
title = {{Streaming Algorithms for Network Design}},
booktitle = {Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2025)},
pages = {4:1--4:23},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-397-3},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {353},
editor = {Ene, Alina and Chattopadhyay, Eshan},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2025.4},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-243709},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2025.4},
annote = {Keywords: Streaming Algorithms, Survivable Network Design, Fault-Tolerant Spanners}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 349, 19th International Symposium on Algorithms and Data Structures (WADS 2025)
Timothy M. Chan and Yuancheng Yu. Dynamic Streaming Algorithms for Geometric Independent Set. In 19th International Symposium on Algorithms and Data Structures (WADS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 349, pp. 17:1-17:12, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{chan_et_al:LIPIcs.WADS.2025.17,
author = {Chan, Timothy M. and Yu, Yuancheng},
title = {{Dynamic Streaming Algorithms for Geometric Independent Set}},
booktitle = {19th International Symposium on Algorithms and Data Structures (WADS 2025)},
pages = {17:1--17:12},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-398-0},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {349},
editor = {Morin, Pat and Oh, Eunjin},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.WADS.2025.17},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-242481},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.WADS.2025.17},
annote = {Keywords: Geometric Independent Set, Dynamic Streaming Algorithms}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 334, 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025)
Kuowen Chen, Jian Li, Yuval Rabani, and Yiran Zhang. New Results on a General Class of Minimum Norm Optimization Problems. In 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 334, pp. 50:1-50:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{chen_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.50,
author = {Chen, Kuowen and Li, Jian and Rabani, Yuval and Zhang, Yiran},
title = {{New Results on a General Class of Minimum Norm Optimization Problems}},
booktitle = {52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025)},
pages = {50:1--50:20},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-372-0},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {334},
editor = {Censor-Hillel, Keren and Grandoni, Fabrizio and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Puppis, Gabriele},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.50},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-234276},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.50},
annote = {Keywords: Approximation Algorithms, Minimum Norm Optimization, Linear Programming}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 334, 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025)
Artur Czumaj, Guichen Gao, Mohsen Ghaffari, and Shaofeng H.-C. Jiang. Fully Scalable MPC Algorithms for Euclidean k-Center. In 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 334, pp. 64:1-64:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{czumaj_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.64,
author = {Czumaj, Artur and Gao, Guichen and Ghaffari, Mohsen and Jiang, Shaofeng H.-C.},
title = {{Fully Scalable MPC Algorithms for Euclidean k-Center}},
booktitle = {52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025)},
pages = {64:1--64:20},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-372-0},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {334},
editor = {Censor-Hillel, Keren and Grandoni, Fabrizio and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Puppis, Gabriele},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.64},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-234416},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.64},
annote = {Keywords: Massively Parallel Computing, Euclidean Spaces, k-Center Clustering}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 334, 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025)
Shaofeng H.-C. Jiang and Jianing Lou. Coresets for Robust Clustering via Black-Box Reductions to Vanilla Case. In 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 334, pp. 101:1-101:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{jiang_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.101,
author = {Jiang, Shaofeng H.-C. and Lou, Jianing},
title = {{Coresets for Robust Clustering via Black-Box Reductions to Vanilla Case}},
booktitle = {52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2025)},
pages = {101:1--101:18},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-372-0},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {334},
editor = {Censor-Hillel, Keren and Grandoni, Fabrizio and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Puppis, Gabriele},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.101},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-234781},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2025.101},
annote = {Keywords: Coresets, clustering, outliers, streaming algorithms}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 332, 41st International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2025)
Benyamin Ghaseminia and Mohammad R. Salavatipour. A PTAS for TSP with Neighbourhoods over Parallel Line Segments. In 41st International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 332, pp. 53:1-53:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{ghaseminia_et_al:LIPIcs.SoCG.2025.53,
author = {Ghaseminia, Benyamin and Salavatipour, Mohammad R.},
title = {{A PTAS for TSP with Neighbourhoods over Parallel Line Segments}},
booktitle = {41st International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2025)},
pages = {53:1--53:15},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-370-6},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {332},
editor = {Aichholzer, Oswin and Wang, Haitao},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2025.53},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-232058},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2025.53},
annote = {Keywords: Approximation Scheme, TSP Neighbourhood, Parallel line segments}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 332, 41st International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2025)
Karthik C. S., Euiwoong Lee, Yuval Rabani, Chris Schwiegelshohn, and Samson Zhou. On Approximability of 𝓁₂² Min-Sum Clustering. In 41st International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 332, pp. 62:1-62:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{karthikc.s._et_al:LIPIcs.SoCG.2025.62,
author = {Karthik C. S. and Lee, Euiwoong and Rabani, Yuval and Schwiegelshohn, Chris and Zhou, Samson},
title = {{On Approximability of 𝓁₂² Min-Sum Clustering}},
booktitle = {41st International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2025)},
pages = {62:1--62:18},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-370-6},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {332},
editor = {Aichholzer, Oswin and Wang, Haitao},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2025.62},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-232142},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.SoCG.2025.62},
annote = {Keywords: Clustering, hardness of approximation, polynomial-time approximation schemes, learning-augmented algorithms}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 328, 28th International Conference on Database Theory (ICDT 2025)
Junhao Gan, Anthony Wirth, and Zhuo Zhang. O(1)-Round MPC Algorithms for Multi-Dimensional Grid Graph Connectivity, Euclidean MST and DBSCAN. In 28th International Conference on Database Theory (ICDT 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 328, pp. 7:1-7:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{gan_et_al:LIPIcs.ICDT.2025.7,
author = {Gan, Junhao and Wirth, Anthony and Zhang, Zhuo},
title = {{O(1)-Round MPC Algorithms for Multi-Dimensional Grid Graph Connectivity, Euclidean MST and DBSCAN}},
booktitle = {28th International Conference on Database Theory (ICDT 2025)},
pages = {7:1--7:20},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-364-5},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {328},
editor = {Roy, Sudeepa and Kara, Ahmet},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICDT.2025.7},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-229483},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ICDT.2025.7},
annote = {Keywords: Massively Parallel Computation, Graph Connectivity, Grid Graphs, Euclidean Minimum Spanning Tree, DBSCAN}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 327, 42nd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2025)
Ameet Gadekar and Tanmay Inamdar. Dimension-Free Parameterized Approximation Schemes for Hybrid Clustering. In 42nd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 327, pp. 35:1-35:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{gadekar_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2025.35,
author = {Gadekar, Ameet and Inamdar, Tanmay},
title = {{Dimension-Free Parameterized Approximation Schemes for Hybrid Clustering}},
booktitle = {42nd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2025)},
pages = {35:1--35:20},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-365-2},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {327},
editor = {Beyersdorff, Olaf and Pilipczuk, Micha{\l} and Pimentel, Elaine and Thắng, Nguy\~{ê}n Kim},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2025.35},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-228615},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2025.35},
annote = {Keywords: Clustering, Parameterized algorithms, FPT approximation, k-Median, k-Center}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 325, 16th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2025)
Amir Carmel, Chengzhi Guo, Shaofeng H.-C. Jiang, and Robert Krauthgamer. Coresets for 1-Center in 𝓁₁ Metrics. In 16th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 325, pp. 28:1-28:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{carmel_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2025.28,
author = {Carmel, Amir and Guo, Chengzhi and Jiang, Shaofeng H.-C. and Krauthgamer, Robert},
title = {{Coresets for 1-Center in 𝓁₁ Metrics}},
booktitle = {16th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2025)},
pages = {28:1--28:20},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-361-4},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {325},
editor = {Meka, Raghu},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2025.28},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-226566},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2025.28},
annote = {Keywords: clustering, k-center, minimum enclosing balls, coresets, 𝓁₁ norm, Kendall’s tau, Jaccard metric}
}