70 Search Results for "Chan, Timothy M."

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2024.53
A Fast Algorithm for Computing a Planar Support for Non-Piercing Rectangles

Authors: Ambar Pal, Rajiv Raman, Saurabh Ray, and Karamjeet Singh

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 322, 35th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2024)

Abstract
For a hypergraph ℋ = (X,ℰ) a support is a graph G on X such that for each E ∈ ℰ, the induced subgraph of G on the elements in E is connected. If G is planar, we call it a planar support. A set of axis parallel rectangles ℛ forms a non-piercing family if for any R₁, R₂ ∈ ℛ, R₁⧵R₂ is connected. Given a set P of n points in ℝ² and a set ℛ of m non-piercing axis-aligned rectangles, we give an algorithm for computing a planar support for the hypergraph (P,ℛ) in O(nlog² n + (n+m)log m) time, where each R ∈ ℛ defines a hyperedge consisting of all points of P contained in R.
Cite as

Ambar Pal, Rajiv Raman, Saurabh Ray, and Karamjeet Singh. A Fast Algorithm for Computing a Planar Support for Non-Piercing Rectangles. In 35th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 322, pp. 53:1-53:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{pal_et_al:LIPIcs.ISAAC.2024.53,
  author =	{Pal, Ambar and Raman, Rajiv and Ray, Saurabh and Singh, Karamjeet},
  title =	{{A Fast Algorithm for Computing a Planar Support for Non-Piercing Rectangles}},
  booktitle =	{35th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation (ISAAC 2024)},
  pages =	{53:1--53:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-354-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{322},
  editor =	{Mestre, Juli\'{a}n and Wirth, Anthony},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2024.53},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-221819},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2024.53},
  annote =	{Keywords: Algorithms, Hypergraphs, Computational Geometry, Visualization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.97
Engineering Edge Orientation Algorithms

Authors: Henrik Reinstädtler, Christian Schulz, and Bora Uçar

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 308, 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)

Abstract
Given an undirected graph G, the edge orientation problem asks for assigning a direction to each edge to convert G into a directed graph. The aim is to minimize the maximum out-degree of a vertex in the resulting directed graph. This problem, which is solvable in polynomial time, arises in many applications. An ongoing challenge in edge orientation algorithms is their scalability, particularly in handling large-scale networks with millions or billions of edges efficiently. We propose a novel algorithmic framework based on finding and manipulating simple paths to face this challenge. Our framework is based on an existing algorithm and allows many algorithmic choices. By carefully exploring these choices and engineering the underlying algorithms, we obtain an implementation which is more efficient and scalable than the current state-of-the-art. Our experiments demonstrate significant performance improvements compared to state-of-the-art solvers. On average our algorithm is 6.59 times faster when compared to the state-of-the-art.
Cite as

Henrik Reinstädtler, Christian Schulz, and Bora Uçar. Engineering Edge Orientation Algorithms. In 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 308, pp. 97:1-97:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{reinstadtler_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2024.97,
  author =	{Reinst\"{a}dtler, Henrik and Schulz, Christian and U\c{c}ar, Bora},
  title =	{{Engineering Edge Orientation Algorithms}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)},
  pages =	{97:1--97:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-338-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{308},
  editor =	{Chan, Timothy and Fischer, Johannes and Iacono, John and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.97},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-211682},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.97},
  annote =	{Keywords: edge orientation, pseudoarboricity, graph algorithms}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.84
Insights into (k, ρ)-Shortcutting Algorithms

Authors: Alexander Leonhardt, Ulrich Meyer, and Manuel Penschuck

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 308, 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)

Abstract
A graph is called a (k, ρ)-graph iff every node can reach ρ of its nearest neighbors in at most k hops. This property has proven useful in the analysis and design of parallel shortest-path algorithms [Blelloch et al., 2016; Dong et al., 2021]. Any graph can be transformed into a (k, ρ)-graph by adding shortcuts. Formally, the (k,ρ)-Minimum-Shortcut-Problem (kρ-MSP) asks to find an appropriate shortcut set of minimal cardinality. We show that kρ-MSP is NP-complete in the practical regime of k ≥ 3 and ρ = Θ(n^ε) for ε > 0. With a related construction, we bound the approximation factor of known kρ-MSP heuristics [Blelloch et al., 2016] from below and propose algorithmic countermeasures improving the approximation quality. Further, we describe an integer linear problem (ILP) that optimally solves kρ-MSP. Finally, we compare the practical performance and quality of all algorithms empirically.
Cite as

Alexander Leonhardt, Ulrich Meyer, and Manuel Penschuck. Insights into (k, ρ)-Shortcutting Algorithms. In 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 308, pp. 84:1-84:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{leonhardt_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2024.84,
  author =	{Leonhardt, Alexander and Meyer, Ulrich and Penschuck, Manuel},
  title =	{{Insights into (k, \rho)-Shortcutting Algorithms}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)},
  pages =	{84:1--84:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-338-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{308},
  editor =	{Chan, Timothy and Fischer, Johannes and Iacono, John and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.84},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-211554},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.84},
  annote =	{Keywords: Complexity, Approximation, Optimal algorithms, Parallel shortest path}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.13
Parallel, Distributed, and Quantum Exact Single-Source Shortest Paths with Negative Edge Weights

Authors: Vikrant Ashvinkumar, Aaron Bernstein, Nairen Cao, Christoph Grunau, Bernhard Haeupler, Yonggang Jiang, Danupon Nanongkai, and Hsin-Hao Su

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 308, 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)

Abstract
This paper presents parallel, distributed, and quantum algorithms for single-source shortest paths when edges can have negative integer weights (negative-weight SSSP). We show a framework that reduces negative-weight SSSP in all these settings to n^{o(1)} calls to any SSSP algorithm that works on inputs with non-negative integer edge weights (non-negative-weight SSSP) with a virtual source. More specifically, for a directed graph with m edges, n vertices, undirected hop-diameter D, and polynomially bounded integer edge weights, we show randomized algorithms for negative-weight SSSP with - W_{SSSP}(m,n)n^{o(1)} work and S_{SSSP}(m,n)n^{o(1)} span, given access to a non-negative-weight SSSP algorithm with W_{SSSP}(m,n) work and S_{SSSP}(m,n) span in the parallel model, and - T_{SSSP}(n,D)n^{o(1)} rounds, given access to a non-negative-weight SSSP algorithm that takes T_{SSSP}(n,D) rounds in CONGEST, and - Q_{SSSP}(m,n)n^{o(1)} quantum edge queries, given access to a non-negative-weight SSSP algorithm that takes Q_{SSSP}(m,n) queries in the quantum edge query model. This work builds off the recent result of Bernstein, Nanongkai, Wulff-Nilsen [Bernstein et al., 2022], which gives a near-linear time algorithm for negative-weight SSSP in the sequential setting. Using current state-of-the-art non-negative-weight SSSP algorithms yields randomized algorithms for negative-weight SSSP with - m^{1+o(1)} work and n^{1/2+o(1)} span in the parallel model, and - (n^{2/5}D^{2/5} + √n + D)n^{o(1)} rounds in CONGEST, and - m^{1/2}n^{1/2+o(1)} quantum queries to the adjacency list or n^{1.5+o(1)} quantum queries to the adjacency matrix. Up to a n^{o(1)} factor, the parallel and distributed results match the current best upper bounds for reachability [Jambulapati et al., 2019; Cao et al., 2021]. Consequently, any improvement to negative-weight SSSP in these models beyond the n^{o(1)} factor necessitates an improvement to the current best bounds for reachability. The quantum result matches the lower bound up to an n^{o(1)} factor [Aija Berzina et al., 2004]. Our main technical contribution is an efficient reduction from computing a low-diameter decomposition (LDD) of directed graphs to computations of non-negative-weight SSSP with a virtual source. Efficiently computing an LDD has heretofore only been known for undirected graphs in both the parallel and distributed models, and been rather unstudied in quantum models. The directed LDD is a crucial step of the sequential algorithm in [Bernstein et al., 2022], and we think that its applications to other problems in parallel and distributed models are far from being exhausted. Other ingredients of our results include altering the recursion structure of the scaling algorithm in [Bernstein et al., 2022] to surmount difficulties that arise in these models, and also an efficient reduction from computing strongly connected components to computations of SSSP with a virtual source in CONGEST. The latter result answers a question posed in [Bernstein and Nanongkai, 2019] in the negative.
Cite as

Vikrant Ashvinkumar, Aaron Bernstein, Nairen Cao, Christoph Grunau, Bernhard Haeupler, Yonggang Jiang, Danupon Nanongkai, and Hsin-Hao Su. Parallel, Distributed, and Quantum Exact Single-Source Shortest Paths with Negative Edge Weights. In 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 308, pp. 13:1-13:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{ashvinkumar_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2024.13,
  author =	{Ashvinkumar, Vikrant and Bernstein, Aaron and Cao, Nairen and Grunau, Christoph and Haeupler, Bernhard and Jiang, Yonggang and Nanongkai, Danupon and Su, Hsin-Hao},
  title =	{{Parallel, Distributed, and Quantum Exact Single-Source Shortest Paths with Negative Edge Weights}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)},
  pages =	{13:1--13:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-338-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{308},
  editor =	{Chan, Timothy and Fischer, Johannes and Iacono, John and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.13},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-210849},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.13},
  annote =	{Keywords: Parallel algorithm, distributed algorithm, shortest paths}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.16
Longest Common Substring with Gaps and Related Problems

Authors: Aranya Banerjee, Daniel Gibney, and Sharma V. Thankachan

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 308, 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)

Abstract
The longest common substring (also known as longest common factor) and longest common subsequence problems are two well-studied classical string problems. The former is solvable in optimal 𝒪(n) time for two strings of length m and n with m ≤ n, and the latter is solvable in 𝒪(nm) time, which is conditionally optimal under the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis. In this work, we study the problem of longest common factor with gaps, that is, finding a set of at most k matching substrings obeying precedence conditions with maximum total length. For k = 1, this is equivalent to the longest common factor problem, and for k = m, this is equivalent to the longest common subsequence problem. Our work demonstrates that, for constant k, this problem can be solved in strongly subquadratic time, i.e., nm^{1 - Θ(1)}. Motivated by co-linear chaining applications in Computational Biology, we further demonstrate that the longest common factor with gaps results can be extended to the case where the matches are restricted to maximal exact matches (MEMs). To further demonstrate the applicability of our techniques, we show that a similar approach can be used for a restricted version of the episode matching problem where one seeks an ordered set of at most k matches whose concatenation equals a query pattern P and the length of the substring of T containing the matches is minimized. These solutions all run in strongly subquadratic time for constant k.
Cite as

Aranya Banerjee, Daniel Gibney, and Sharma V. Thankachan. Longest Common Substring with Gaps and Related Problems. In 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 308, pp. 16:1-16:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{banerjee_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2024.16,
  author =	{Banerjee, Aranya and Gibney, Daniel and Thankachan, Sharma V.},
  title =	{{Longest Common Substring with Gaps and Related Problems}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)},
  pages =	{16:1--16:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-338-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{308},
  editor =	{Chan, Timothy and Fischer, Johannes and Iacono, John and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.16},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-210877},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.16},
  annote =	{Keywords: Pattern Matching, Longest Common Subsequence, Episode Matching}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.18
Height-Bounded Lempel-Ziv Encodings

Authors: Hideo Bannai, Mitsuru Funakoshi, Diptarama Hendrian, Myuji Matsuda, and Simon J. Puglisi

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 308, 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)

Abstract
We introduce height-bounded LZ encodings (LZHB), a new family of compressed representations that are variants of Lempel-Ziv parsings with a focus on bounding the worst-case access time to arbitrary positions in the text directly via the compressed representation. An LZ-like encoding is a partitioning of the string into phrases of length 1 which can be encoded literally, or phrases of length at least 2 which have a previous occurrence in the string and can be encoded by its position and length. An LZ-like encoding induces an implicit referencing forest on the set of positions of the string. An LZHB encoding is an LZ-like encoding where the height of the implicit referencing forest is bounded. An LZHB encoding with height constraint h allows access to an arbitrary position of the underlying text using O(h) predecessor queries. While computing the optimal (i.e., smallest) LZHB encoding efficiently seems to be difficult [Cicalese & Ugazio 2024, arXiv, to appear at DLT 2024], we give the first linear time algorithm for strings over a constant size alphabet that computes the greedy LZHB encoding, i.e., the string is processed from beginning to end, and the longest prefix of the remaining string that can satisfy the height constraint is taken as the next phrase. Our algorithms significantly improve both theoretically and practically, the very recently and independently proposed algorithms by Lipták et al. (CPM 2024). We also analyze the size of height bounded LZ encodings in the context of repetitiveness measures, and show that there exists a constant c such that the size ẑ_{HB(clog n)} of the optimal LZHB encoding whose height is bounded by clog n for any string of length n is O(ĝ_{rl}), where ĝ_{rl} is the size of the smallest run-length grammar. Furthermore, we show that there exists a family of strings such that ẑ_{HB(clog n)} = o(ĝ_{rl}), thus making ẑ_{HB(clog n)} one of the smallest known repetitiveness measures for which O(polylog n) time access is possible using linear (O(ẑ_{HB(clog n)})) space.
Cite as

Hideo Bannai, Mitsuru Funakoshi, Diptarama Hendrian, Myuji Matsuda, and Simon J. Puglisi. Height-Bounded Lempel-Ziv Encodings. In 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 308, pp. 18:1-18:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{bannai_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2024.18,
  author =	{Bannai, Hideo and Funakoshi, Mitsuru and Hendrian, Diptarama and Matsuda, Myuji and Puglisi, Simon J.},
  title =	{{Height-Bounded Lempel-Ziv Encodings}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)},
  pages =	{18:1--18:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-338-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{308},
  editor =	{Chan, Timothy and Fischer, Johannes and Iacono, John and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.18},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-210899},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.18},
  annote =	{Keywords: Lempel-Ziv parsing, data compression}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.19
Longest Common Extensions with Wildcards: Trade-Off and Applications

Authors: Gabriel Bathie, Panagiotis Charalampopoulos, and Tatiana Starikovskaya

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 308, 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)

Abstract
We study the Longest Common Extension (LCE) problem in a string containing wildcards. Wildcards (also called "don't cares" or "holes") are special characters that match any other character in the alphabet, similar to the character "?" in Unix commands or "." in regular expression engines. We consider the problem parametrized by G, the number of maximal contiguous groups of wildcards in the input string. Our main contribution is a simple data structure for this problem that can be built in O(n (G/t) log n) time, occupies O(nG/t) space, and answers queries in O(t) time, for any t ∈ [1 .. G]. Up to the O(log n) factor, this interpolates smoothly between the data structure of Crochemore et al. [JDA 2015], which has O(nG) preprocessing time and space, and O(1) query time, and a simple solution based on the "kangaroo jumping" technique [Landau and Vishkin, STOC 1986], which has O(n) preprocessing time and space, and O(G) query time. By establishing a connection between this problem and Boolean matrix multiplication, we show that our solution is optimal up to subpolynomial factors when G = Ω(n) under a widely believed hypothesis. In addition, we develop a new simple, deterministic and combinatorial algorithm for sparse Boolean matrix multiplication. Finally, we show that our data structure can be used to obtain efficient algorithms for approximate pattern matching and structural analysis of strings with wildcards. First, we consider the problem of pattern matching with k errors (i.e., edit operations) in the setting where both the pattern and the text may contain wildcards. The "kangaroo jumping" technique can be adapted to yield an algorithm for this problem with runtime O(n(k+G)), where G is the total number of maximal contiguous groups of wildcards in the text and the pattern and n is the length of the text. By combining "kangaroo jumping" with a tailor-made data structure for LCE queries, Akutsu [IPL 1995] devised an O(n√{km} polylog m)-time algorithm. We improve on both algorithms when k ≪ G ≪ m by giving an algorithm with runtime O(n(k + √{Gk log n})). Secondly, we give O(n√G log n)-time and O(n)-space algorithms for computing the prefix array, as well as the quantum/deterministic border and period arrays of a string with wildcards. This is an improvement over the O(n√{nlog n})-time algorithms of Iliopoulos and Radoszewski [CPM 2016] when G = O(n / log n).
Cite as

Gabriel Bathie, Panagiotis Charalampopoulos, and Tatiana Starikovskaya. Longest Common Extensions with Wildcards: Trade-Off and Applications. In 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 308, pp. 19:1-19:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{bathie_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2024.19,
  author =	{Bathie, Gabriel and Charalampopoulos, Panagiotis and Starikovskaya, Tatiana},
  title =	{{Longest Common Extensions with Wildcards: Trade-Off and Applications}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)},
  pages =	{19:1--19:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-338-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{308},
  editor =	{Chan, Timothy and Fischer, Johannes and Iacono, John and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.19},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-210904},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.19},
  annote =	{Keywords: Longest common prefix, longest common extension, wildcards, Boolean matrix multiplication, approximate pattern matching, periodicity arrays}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.20
Pattern Matching with Mismatches and Wildcards

Authors: Gabriel Bathie, Panagiotis Charalampopoulos, and Tatiana Starikovskaya

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 308, 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)

Abstract
In this work, we address the problem of approximate pattern matching with wildcards. Given a pattern P of length m containing D wildcards, a text T of length n, and an integer k, our objective is to identify all fragments of T within Hamming distance k from P. Our primary contribution is an algorithm with runtime 𝒪(n + (D+k)(G+k)⋅ n/m) for this problem. Here, G ≤ D represents the number of maximal wildcard fragments in P. We derive this algorithm by elaborating in a non-trivial way on the ideas presented by [Charalampopoulos, Kociumaka, and Wellnitz, FOCS'20] for pattern matching with mismatches (without wildcards). Our algorithm improves over the state of the art when D, G, and k are small relative to n. For instance, if m = n/2, k = G = n^{2/5}, and D = n^{3/5}, our algorithm operates in 𝒪(n) time, surpassing the Ω(n^{6/5}) time requirement of all previously known algorithms. In the case of exact pattern matching with wildcards (k = 0), we present a much simpler algorithm with runtime 𝒪(n + DG ⋅ n/m) that clearly illustrates our main technical innovation: the utilisation of positions of P that do not belong to any fragment of P with a density of wildcards much larger than D/m as anchors for the sought (approximate) occurrences. Notably, our algorithm outperforms the best-known 𝒪(n log m)-time FFT-based algorithms of [Cole and Hariharan, STOC'02] and [Clifford and Clifford, IPL'04] if DG = o(m log m). We complement our algorithmic results with a structural characterization of the k-mismatch occurrences of P. We demonstrate that in a text of length 𝒪(m), these occurrences can be partitioned into 𝒪((D+k)(G+k)) arithmetic progressions. Additionally, we construct an infinite family of examples with Ω((D+k)k) arithmetic progressions of occurrences, leveraging a combinatorial result on progression-free sets [Elkin, SODA'10].
Cite as

Gabriel Bathie, Panagiotis Charalampopoulos, and Tatiana Starikovskaya. Pattern Matching with Mismatches and Wildcards. In 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 308, pp. 20:1-20:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{bathie_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2024.20,
  author =	{Bathie, Gabriel and Charalampopoulos, Panagiotis and Starikovskaya, Tatiana},
  title =	{{Pattern Matching with Mismatches and Wildcards}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)},
  pages =	{20:1--20:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-338-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{308},
  editor =	{Chan, Timothy and Fischer, Johannes and Iacono, John and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.20},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-210910},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.20},
  annote =	{Keywords: pattern matching, wildcards, mismatches, Hamming distance}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.23
Density-Sensitive Algorithms for (Δ + 1)-Edge Coloring

Authors: Sayan Bhattacharya, Martín Costa, Nadav Panski, and Shay Solomon

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 308, 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)

Abstract
Vizing’s theorem asserts the existence of a (Δ+1)-edge coloring for any graph G, where Δ = Δ(G) denotes the maximum degree of G. Several polynomial time (Δ+1)-edge coloring algorithms are known, and the state-of-the-art running time (up to polylogarithmic factors) is Õ(min{m √n, m Δ}), by Gabow, Nishizeki, Kariv, Leven and Terada from 1985, where n and m denote the number of vertices and edges in the graph, respectively. Recently, Sinnamon shaved off a polylog(n) factor from the time bound of Gabow et al. The arboricity α = α(G) of a graph G is the minimum number of edge-disjoint forests into which its edge set can be partitioned, and it is a measure of the graph’s "uniform density". While α ≤ Δ in any graph, many natural and real-world graphs exhibit a significant separation between α and Δ. In this work we design a (Δ+1)-edge coloring algorithm with a running time of Õ(min{m √n, m Δ})⋅ α/Δ, thus improving the longstanding time barrier by a factor of α/Δ. In particular, we achieve a near-linear runtime for bounded arboricity graphs (i.e., α = Õ(1)) as well as when α = Õ(Δ/√n). Our algorithm builds on Gabow et al.’s and Sinnamon’s algorithms, and can be viewed as a density-sensitive refinement of them.
Cite as

Sayan Bhattacharya, Martín Costa, Nadav Panski, and Shay Solomon. Density-Sensitive Algorithms for (Δ + 1)-Edge Coloring. In 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 308, pp. 23:1-23:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{bhattacharya_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2024.23,
  author =	{Bhattacharya, Sayan and Costa, Mart{\'\i}n and Panski, Nadav and Solomon, Shay},
  title =	{{Density-Sensitive Algorithms for (\Delta + 1)-Edge Coloring}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)},
  pages =	{23:1--23:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-338-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{308},
  editor =	{Chan, Timothy and Fischer, Johannes and Iacono, John and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.23},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-210945},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.23},
  annote =	{Keywords: Graph Algorithms, Edge Coloring, Arboricity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.28
A Faster Algorithm for the Fréchet Distance in 1D for the Imbalanced Case

Authors: Lotte Blank and Anne Driemel

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 308, 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)

Abstract
The fine-grained complexity of computing the {Fréchet distance } has been a topic of much recent work, starting with the quadratic SETH-based conditional lower bound by Bringmann from 2014. Subsequent work established largely the same complexity lower bounds for the {Fréchet distance } in 1D. However, the imbalanced case, which was shown by Bringmann to be tight in dimensions d ≥ 2, was still left open. Filling in this gap, we show that a faster algorithm for the {Fréchet distance } in the imbalanced case is possible: Given two 1-dimensional curves of complexity n and n^{α} for some α ∈ (0,1), we can compute their {Fréchet distance } in O(n^{2α} log² n + n log n) time. This rules out a conditional lower bound of the form O((nm)^{1-ε}) that Bringmann showed for d ≥ 2 and any ε > 0 in turn showing a strict separation with the setting d = 1. At the heart of our approach lies a data structure that stores a 1-dimensional curve P of complexity n, and supports queries with a curve Q of complexity m for the continuous {Fréchet distance } between P and Q. The data structure has size in 𝒪(nlog n) and uses query time in 𝒪(m² log² n). Our proof uses a key lemma that is based on the concept of visiting orders and may be of independent interest. We demonstrate this by substantially simplifying the correctness proof of a clustering algorithm by Driemel, Krivošija and Sohler from 2015.
Cite as

Lotte Blank and Anne Driemel. A Faster Algorithm for the Fréchet Distance in 1D for the Imbalanced Case. In 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 308, pp. 28:1-28:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{blank_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2024.28,
  author =	{Blank, Lotte and Driemel, Anne},
  title =	{{A Faster Algorithm for the Fr\'{e}chet Distance in 1D for the Imbalanced Case}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)},
  pages =	{28:1--28:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-338-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{308},
  editor =	{Chan, Timothy and Fischer, Johannes and Iacono, John and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.28},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-210999},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.28},
  annote =	{Keywords: \{Fr\'{e}chet distance\}, distance oracle, data structures, time series}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.31
String 2-Covers with No Length Restrictions

Authors: Itai Boneh, Shay Golan, and Arseny Shur

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 308, 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)

Abstract
A λ-cover of a string S is a set of strings {C_i}₁^λ such that every index in S is contained in an occurrence of at least one string C_i. The existence of a 1-cover defines a well-known class of quasi-periodic strings. Quasi-periodicity can be decided in linear time, and all 1-covers of a string can be reported in linear time as well. Since in general it is NP-complete to decide whether a string has a λ-cover, the natural next step is the development of efficient algorithms for 2-covers. Radoszewski and Straszyński [ESA 2020] analysed the particular case where the strings in a 2-cover must be of the same length. They provided an algorithm that reports all such 2-covers of S in time near-linear in |S| and in the size of the output. In this work, we consider 2-covers in full generality. Since every length-n string has Ω(n²) trivial 2-covers (every prefix and suffix of total length at least n constitute such a 2-cover), we state the reporting problem as follows: given a string S and a number m, report all 2-covers {C₁,C₂} of S with length |C₁|+|C₂| upper bounded by m. We present an Õ(n + output) time algorithm solving this problem, with output being the size of the output. This algorithm admits a simpler modification that finds a 2-cover of minimum length. We also provide an Õ(n) time construction of a 2-cover oracle which, given two substrings C₁,C₂ of S, reports in poly-logarithmic time whether {C₁,C₂} is a 2-cover of S.
Cite as

Itai Boneh, Shay Golan, and Arseny Shur. String 2-Covers with No Length Restrictions. In 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 308, pp. 31:1-31:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{boneh_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2024.31,
  author =	{Boneh, Itai and Golan, Shay and Shur, Arseny},
  title =	{{String 2-Covers with No Length Restrictions}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)},
  pages =	{31:1--31:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-338-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{308},
  editor =	{Chan, Timothy and Fischer, Johannes and Iacono, John and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.31},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-211029},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.31},
  annote =	{Keywords: Quasi-periodicity, String cover, Range query, Range stabbing}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.40
Improved Algorithms for Maximum Coverage in Dynamic and Random Order Streams

Authors: Amit Chakrabarti, Andrew McGregor, and Anthony Wirth

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 308, 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)

Abstract
The maximum coverage problem is to select k sets, from a collection of m sets, such that the cardinality of their union, in a universe of size n, is maximized. We consider (1-1/e-ε)-approximation algorithms for this NP-hard problem in three standard data stream models. 1) Dynamic Model. The stream consists of a sequence of sets being inserted and deleted. Our multi-pass algorithm uses ε^{-2} k ⋅ polylog(n,m) space. The best previous result (Assadi and Khanna, SODA 2018) used (n +ε^{-4} k) polylog(n,m) space. While both algorithms use O(ε^{-1} log m) passes, our analysis shows that, when ε ≤ 1/log log m, it is possible to reduce the number of passes by a 1/log log m factor without incurring additional space. 2) Random Order Model. In this model, there are no deletions, and the sets forming the instance are uniformly randomly permuted to form the input stream. We show that a single pass and k polylog(n,m) space suffices for arbitrary small constant ε. The best previous result, by Warneke et al. (ESA 2023), used k² polylog(n,m) space. 3) Insert-Only Model. Lastly, our results, along with numerous previous results, use a sub-sampling technique introduced by McGregor and Vu (ICDT 2017) to sparsify the input instance. We explain how this technique and others used in the paper can be implemented such that the amortized update time of our algorithm is polylogarithmic. This also implies an improvement of the state-of-the-art insert only algorithms in terms of the update time: polylog(m,n) update time suffices, whereas the best previous result by Jaud et al. (SEA 2023) required update time that was linear in k.
Cite as

Amit Chakrabarti, Andrew McGregor, and Anthony Wirth. Improved Algorithms for Maximum Coverage in Dynamic and Random Order Streams. In 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 308, pp. 40:1-40:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{chakrabarti_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2024.40,
  author =	{Chakrabarti, Amit and McGregor, Andrew and Wirth, Anthony},
  title =	{{Improved Algorithms for Maximum Coverage in Dynamic and Random Order Streams}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)},
  pages =	{40:1--40:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-338-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{308},
  editor =	{Chan, Timothy and Fischer, Johannes and Iacono, John and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.40},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-211114},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.40},
  annote =	{Keywords: Data Stream Computation, Maximum Coverage, Submodular Maximization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.46
Deterministic Minimum Steiner Cut in Maximum Flow Time

Authors: Matthew Ding and Jason Li

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 308, 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)

Abstract
We devise a deterministic algorithm for minimum Steiner cut, which uses (log n)^{O(1)} maximum flow calls and additional near-linear time. This algorithm improves on Li and Panigrahi’s (FOCS 2020) algorithm, which uses (log n)^{O(1/ε⁴)} maximum flow calls and additional O(m^{1+ε}) time, for ε > 0. Our algorithm thus shows that deterministic minimum Steiner cut can be solved in maximum flow time up to polylogarithmic factors, given any black-box deterministic maximum flow algorithm. Our main technical contribution is a novel deterministic graph decomposition method for terminal vertices that generalizes all existing s-strong partitioning methods, which we believe may have future applications.
Cite as

Matthew Ding and Jason Li. Deterministic Minimum Steiner Cut in Maximum Flow Time. In 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 308, pp. 46:1-46:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{ding_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2024.46,
  author =	{Ding, Matthew and Li, Jason},
  title =	{{Deterministic Minimum Steiner Cut in Maximum Flow Time}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)},
  pages =	{46:1--46:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-338-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{308},
  editor =	{Chan, Timothy and Fischer, Johannes and Iacono, John and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.46},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-211174},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.46},
  annote =	{Keywords: graph algorithms, minimum cut, deterministic}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.47
Bicriterial Approximation for the Incremental Prize-Collecting Steiner-Tree Problem

Authors: Yann Disser, Svenja M. Griesbach, Max Klimm, and Annette Lutz

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 308, 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)

Abstract
We consider an incremental variant of the rooted prize-collecting Steiner-tree problem with a growing budget constraint. While no incremental solution exists that simultaneously approximates the optimum for all budgets, we show that a bicriterial (α,μ)-approximation is possible, i.e., a solution that with budget B+α for all B ∈ ℝ_{≥ 0} is a multiplicative μ-approximation compared to the optimum solution with budget B. For the case that the underlying graph is a tree, we present a polynomial-time density-greedy algorithm that computes a (χ,1)-approximation, where χ denotes the eccentricity of the root vertex in the underlying graph, and show that this is best possible. An adaptation of the density-greedy algorithm for general graphs is (γ,2)-competitive where γ is the maximal length of a vertex-disjoint path starting in the root. While this algorithm does not run in polynomial time, it can be adapted to a (γ,3)-competitive algorithm that runs in polynomial time. We further devise a capacity-scaling algorithm that guarantees a (3χ,8)-approximation and, more generally, a ((4𝓁 - 1)χ, (2^{𝓁 + 2})/(2^𝓁 -1))-approximation for every fixed 𝓁 ∈ ℕ.
Cite as

Yann Disser, Svenja M. Griesbach, Max Klimm, and Annette Lutz. Bicriterial Approximation for the Incremental Prize-Collecting Steiner-Tree Problem. In 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 308, pp. 47:1-47:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{disser_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2024.47,
  author =	{Disser, Yann and Griesbach, Svenja M. and Klimm, Max and Lutz, Annette},
  title =	{{Bicriterial Approximation for the Incremental Prize-Collecting Steiner-Tree Problem}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)},
  pages =	{47:1--47:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-338-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{308},
  editor =	{Chan, Timothy and Fischer, Johannes and Iacono, John and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.47},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-211188},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.47},
  annote =	{Keywords: incremental optimization, competitive analysis, prize-collecting Steiner-tree}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.49
Faster Min-Cost Flow and Approximate Tree Decomposition on Bounded Treewidth Graphs

Authors: Sally Dong and Guanghao Ye

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 308, 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)

Abstract
We present an algorithm for min-cost flow in graphs with n vertices and m edges, given a tree decomposition of width τ and size S, and polynomially bounded, integral edge capacities and costs, running in Õ(m√{τ} + S) time. This improves upon the previous fastest algorithm in this setting achieved by the bounded-treewidth linear program solver of [Gu and Song, 2022; Dong et al., 2024], which runs in Õ(m τ^{(ω+1)/2}) time, where ω ≈ 2.37 is the matrix multiplication exponent. Our approach leverages recent advances in structured linear program solvers and robust interior point methods (IPM). In general graphs where treewidth is trivially bounded by n, the algorithm runs in Õ(m √ n) time, which is the best-known result without using the Lee-Sidford barrier or 𝓁₁ IPM, demonstrating the surprising power of robust interior point methods. As a corollary, we obtain a Õ(tw³ ⋅ m) time algorithm to compute a tree decomposition of width O(tw⋅ log(n)), given a graph with m edges.
Cite as

Sally Dong and Guanghao Ye. Faster Min-Cost Flow and Approximate Tree Decomposition on Bounded Treewidth Graphs. In 32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 308, pp. 49:1-49:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{dong_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2024.49,
  author =	{Dong, Sally and Ye, Guanghao},
  title =	{{Faster Min-Cost Flow and Approximate Tree Decomposition on Bounded Treewidth Graphs}},
  booktitle =	{32nd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2024)},
  pages =	{49:1--49:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-338-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{308},
  editor =	{Chan, Timothy and Fischer, Johannes and Iacono, John and Herman, Grzegorz},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.49},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-211207},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2024.49},
  annote =	{Keywords: Min-cost flow, tree decomposition, interior point method, bounded treewidth graphs}
}
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