Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 364, 43rd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2026)
Sebastian Forster, Gramoz Goranci, and Ali Momeni. Fully Dynamic Spectral Sparsification for Directed Hypergraphs. In 43rd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 364, pp. 38:1-38:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)
@InProceedings{forster_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2026.38,
author = {Forster, Sebastian and Goranci, Gramoz and Momeni, Ali},
title = {{Fully Dynamic Spectral Sparsification for Directed Hypergraphs}},
booktitle = {43rd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2026)},
pages = {38:1--38:20},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-412-3},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2026},
volume = {364},
editor = {Mahajan, Meena and Manea, Florin and McIver, Annabelle and Thắng, Nguy\~{ê}n Kim},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2026.38},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-255272},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2026.38},
annote = {Keywords: Spectral sparsification, Dynamic algorithms, (Directed) hypergraphs, Data structures}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 364, 43rd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2026)
Etienne Objois and Adrian Vladu. Approximating q → p Norms of Non-Negative Matrices in Nearly-Linear Time. In 43rd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 364, pp. 69:1-69:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)
@InProceedings{objois_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2026.69,
author = {Objois, Etienne and Vladu, Adrian},
title = {{Approximating q → p Norms of Non-Negative Matrices in Nearly-Linear Time}},
booktitle = {43rd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2026)},
pages = {69:1--69:19},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-412-3},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2026},
volume = {364},
editor = {Mahajan, Meena and Manea, Florin and McIver, Annabelle and Thắng, Nguy\~{ê}n Kim},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2026.69},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-255585},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2026.69},
annote = {Keywords: matrix norm, Perron-Frobenius theory, oblivious routings, input-sparsity time, lp norm}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 362, 17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026)
Edith Cohen, Moshe Shechner, and Uri Stemmer. A Simple and Robust Protocol for Distributed Counting. In 17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 362, pp. 40:1-40:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)
@InProceedings{cohen_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2026.40,
author = {Cohen, Edith and Shechner, Moshe and Stemmer, Uri},
title = {{A Simple and Robust Protocol for Distributed Counting}},
booktitle = {17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026)},
pages = {40:1--40:24},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-410-9},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2026},
volume = {362},
editor = {Saraf, Shubhangi},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2026.40},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-253272},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2026.40},
annote = {Keywords: Distributed Streaming, Adversarial Streaming}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 362, 17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026)
Mridul Ahi, Keerti Choudhary, Shlok Pande, Pushpraj, and Lakshay Saggi. Maximum-Flow and Minimum-Cut Sensitivity Oracles for Directed Graphs. In 17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 362, pp. 5:1-5:24, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)
@InProceedings{ahi_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2026.5,
author = {Ahi, Mridul and Choudhary, Keerti and Pande, Shlok and Pushpraj and Saggi, Lakshay},
title = {{Maximum-Flow and Minimum-Cut Sensitivity Oracles for Directed Graphs}},
booktitle = {17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026)},
pages = {5:1--5:24},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-410-9},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2026},
volume = {362},
editor = {Saraf, Shubhangi},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2026.5},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-252920},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2026.5},
annote = {Keywords: Fault tolerance, Data structures, Minimum cuts, Maximum flows}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 362, 17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026)
Tsz Chiu Kwok, Zhewei Wei, and Mingji Yang. On Solving Asymmetric Diagonally Dominant Linear Systems in Sublinear Time. In 17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 362, pp. 89:1-89:25, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2026)
@InProceedings{kwok_et_al:LIPIcs.ITCS.2026.89,
author = {Kwok, Tsz Chiu and Wei, Zhewei and Yang, Mingji},
title = {{On Solving Asymmetric Diagonally Dominant Linear Systems in Sublinear Time}},
booktitle = {17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026)},
pages = {89:1--89:25},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-410-9},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2026},
volume = {362},
editor = {Saraf, Shubhangi},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2026.89},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-253768},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ITCS.2026.89},
annote = {Keywords: Spectral Graph Theory, Linear Systems, Sublinear Algorithms}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 360, 45th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2025)
Chaitanya Nalam and Thatchaphol Saranurak. Finding Small Dijoins in Transitive Closure Time. In 45th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 360, pp. 46:1-46:11, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{nalam_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2025.46,
author = {Nalam, Chaitanya and Saranurak, Thatchaphol},
title = {{Finding Small Dijoins in Transitive Closure Time}},
booktitle = {45th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2025)},
pages = {46:1--46:11},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-406-2},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {360},
editor = {Aiswarya, C. and Mehta, Ruta and Roy, Subhajit},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2025.46},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-251265},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2025.46},
annote = {Keywords: Graph algorithms, Dijoin, Submodular flow}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 356, 39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2025)
Seri Khoury, Manish Purohit, Aaron Schild, and Joshua R. Wang. On the Randomized Locality of Matching Problems in Regular Graphs. In 39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 356, pp. 40:1-40:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{khoury_et_al:LIPIcs.DISC.2025.40,
author = {Khoury, Seri and Purohit, Manish and Schild, Aaron and Wang, Joshua R.},
title = {{On the Randomized Locality of Matching Problems in Regular Graphs}},
booktitle = {39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2025)},
pages = {40:1--40:20},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-402-4},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {356},
editor = {Kowalski, Dariusz R.},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.40},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-248570},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.40},
annote = {Keywords: regular graphs, maximum matching, augmenting paths, distributed algorithms, Luby’s algorithm, martingales}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 356, 39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2025)
Avi Kadria and Liam Roditty. Compact Routing Schemes in Undirected and Directed Graphs. In 39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 356, pp. 38:1-38:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{kadria_et_al:LIPIcs.DISC.2025.38,
author = {Kadria, Avi and Roditty, Liam},
title = {{Compact Routing Schemes in Undirected and Directed Graphs}},
booktitle = {39th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2025)},
pages = {38:1--38:19},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-402-4},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {356},
editor = {Kowalski, Dariusz R.},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.38},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-248555},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.DISC.2025.38},
annote = {Keywords: Routing schemes, Compact routing schemes, Distance oracles, Computer networks, Graph algorithms}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 351, 33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025)
Yotam Kenneth-Mordoch and Robert Krauthgamer. Cut-Query Algorithms with Few Rounds. In 33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 351, pp. 100:1-100:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{kennethmordoch_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2025.100,
author = {Kenneth-Mordoch, Yotam and Krauthgamer, Robert},
title = {{Cut-Query Algorithms with Few Rounds}},
booktitle = {33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025)},
pages = {100:1--100:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-395-9},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {351},
editor = {Benoit, Anne and Kaplan, Haim and Wild, Sebastian and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2025.100},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-245692},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2025.100},
annote = {Keywords: Cut Queries, Round Complexity, Submodular Optimization}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 351, 33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025)
Jean Cardinal and Yelena Yuditsky. Compact Representation of Semilinear and Terrain-Like Graphs. In 33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 351, pp. 67:1-67:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{cardinal_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2025.67,
author = {Cardinal, Jean and Yuditsky, Yelena},
title = {{Compact Representation of Semilinear and Terrain-Like Graphs}},
booktitle = {33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025)},
pages = {67:1--67:19},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-395-9},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {351},
editor = {Benoit, Anne and Kaplan, Haim and Wild, Sebastian and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2025.67},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-245359},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2025.67},
annote = {Keywords: Biclique covers, intersection graphs, visibility graphs, Zarankiewicz’s problem}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 351, 33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025)
Surender Baswana, Koustav Bhanja, and Anupam Roy. Faster Algorithm for Second (s,t)-Mincut and Breaking Quadratic Barrier for Dual Edge Sensitivity for (s,t)-Mincut. In 33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 351, pp. 68:1-68:19, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{baswana_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2025.68,
author = {Baswana, Surender and Bhanja, Koustav and Roy, Anupam},
title = {{Faster Algorithm for Second (s,t)-Mincut and Breaking Quadratic Barrier for Dual Edge Sensitivity for (s,t)-Mincut}},
booktitle = {33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025)},
pages = {68:1--68:19},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-395-9},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {351},
editor = {Benoit, Anne and Kaplan, Haim and Wild, Sebastian and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2025.68},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-245369},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2025.68},
annote = {Keywords: mincut, second mincut, compact structure, fault tolerant, sensitivity oracle, dual edges, st mincut, global mincut, characterization}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 351, 33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025)
Bernhard Haeupler, Yaowei Long, Thatchaphol Saranurak, and Shengzhe Wang. Length-Constrained Directed Expander Decomposition and Length-Constrained Vertex-Capacitated Flow Shortcuts. In 33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 351, pp. 107:1-107:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{haeupler_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2025.107,
author = {Haeupler, Bernhard and Long, Yaowei and Saranurak, Thatchaphol and Wang, Shengzhe},
title = {{Length-Constrained Directed Expander Decomposition and Length-Constrained Vertex-Capacitated Flow Shortcuts}},
booktitle = {33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025)},
pages = {107:1--107:17},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-395-9},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {351},
editor = {Benoit, Anne and Kaplan, Haim and Wild, Sebastian and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2025.107},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-245765},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2025.107},
annote = {Keywords: Length-Constrained Expander, Expander Decomposition, Shortcut}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 351, 33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025)
Mariia Anapolska, Dario van den Boom, Christina Büsing, and Timo Gersing. A Faster Parametric Search for the Integral Quickest Transshipment Problem. In 33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 351, pp. 112:1-112:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{anapolska_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2025.112,
author = {Anapolska, Mariia and van den Boom, Dario and B\"{u}sing, Christina and Gersing, Timo},
title = {{A Faster Parametric Search for the Integral Quickest Transshipment Problem}},
booktitle = {33rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2025)},
pages = {112:1--112:15},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-395-9},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {351},
editor = {Benoit, Anne and Kaplan, Haim and Wild, Sebastian and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2025.112},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-245817},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2025.112},
annote = {Keywords: Flow over time, dynamic transshipment, quickest transshipment, parametric submodular functions, efficient algorithms}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 353, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2025)
Alessandro Epasto, Quanquan C. Liu, Tamalika Mukherjee, and Felix Zhou. Sublinear Space Graph Algorithms in the Continual Release Model. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 353, pp. 40:1-40:27, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{epasto_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2025.40,
author = {Epasto, Alessandro and Liu, Quanquan C. and Mukherjee, Tamalika and Zhou, Felix},
title = {{Sublinear Space Graph Algorithms in the Continual Release Model}},
booktitle = {Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2025)},
pages = {40:1--40:27},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-397-3},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {353},
editor = {Ene, Alina and Chattopadhyay, Eshan},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2025.40},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-244064},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2025.40},
annote = {Keywords: Differential Privacy, Continual Release, Densest Subgraph, k-Core Decomposition, Maximum Matching}
}
Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 353, Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2025)
Chandra Chekuri, Rhea Jain, Sepideh Mahabadi, and Ali Vakilian. Streaming Algorithms for Network Design. In Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2025). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 353, pp. 4:1-4:23, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2025)
@InProceedings{chekuri_et_al:LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2025.4,
author = {Chekuri, Chandra and Jain, Rhea and Mahabadi, Sepideh and Vakilian, Ali},
title = {{Streaming Algorithms for Network Design}},
booktitle = {Approximation, Randomization, and Combinatorial Optimization. Algorithms and Techniques (APPROX/RANDOM 2025)},
pages = {4:1--4:23},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-397-3},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2025},
volume = {353},
editor = {Ene, Alina and Chattopadhyay, Eshan},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2025.4},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-243709},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.APPROX/RANDOM.2025.4},
annote = {Keywords: Streaming Algorithms, Survivable Network Design, Fault-Tolerant Spanners}
}