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Documents authored by Worrell, James Ben

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Worrell, James Ben

Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.TIME.2020.7
Parametric Model Checking Continuous-Time Markov Chains

Authors: Catalin-Andrei Ilie and James Ben Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 178, 27th International Symposium on Temporal Representation and Reasoning (TIME 2020)

Abstract
CSL is a well-known temporal logic for specifying properties of real-time stochastic systems, such as continuous-time Markov chains. We introduce PCSL, an extension of CSL that allows using existentially quantified parameters in timing constraints, and investigate its expressiveness and decidability over properties of continuous-time Markov chains. Assuming Schanuel’s Conjecture, we prove the decidability of model checking the one-parameter fragment of PCSL on continuous-time Markov chains. Technically, the central problem we solve (relying on Schanuel’s Conjecture) is to decide positivity of real-valued exponential polynomial functions on bounded intervals. A second contribution is to give a reduction of the Positivity Problem for matrix exponentials to the PCSL model checking problem, suggesting that it will be difficult to give an unconditional proof of the decidability of model checking PCSL.
Cite as

Catalin-Andrei Ilie and James Ben Worrell. Parametric Model Checking Continuous-Time Markov Chains. In 27th International Symposium on Temporal Representation and Reasoning (TIME 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 178, pp. 7:1-7:18, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{ilie_et_al:LIPIcs.TIME.2020.7,
  author =	{Ilie, Catalin-Andrei and Worrell, James Ben},
  title =	{{Parametric Model Checking Continuous-Time Markov Chains}},
  booktitle =	{27th International Symposium on Temporal Representation and Reasoning (TIME 2020)},
  pages =	{7:1--7:18},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-167-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{178},
  editor =	{Mu\~{n}oz-Velasco, Emilio and Ozaki, Ana and Theobald, Martin},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.TIME.2020.7},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-129752},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.TIME.2020.7},
  annote =	{Keywords: Probabilistic Continuous Stochastic Logic, Continuous-time Markov Chains, model checking, Schanuel’s Conjecture, positivity problem}
}

Worrell, James

Document
Track B: Automata, Logic, Semantics, and Theory of Programming
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2024.140
The 2-Dimensional Constraint Loop Problem Is Decidable

Authors: Quentin Guilmant, Engel Lefaucheux, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 297, 51st International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2024)

Abstract
A linear constraint loop is specified by a system of linear inequalities that define the relation between the values of the program variables before and after a single execution of the loop body. In this paper we consider the problem of determining whether such a loop terminates, i.e., whether all maximal executions are finite, regardless of how the loop is initialised and how the non-determinism in the loop body is resolved. We focus on the variant of the termination problem in which the loop variables range over ℝ. Our main result is that the termination problem is decidable over the reals in dimension 2. A more abstract formulation of our main result is that it is decidable whether a binary relation on ℝ² that is given as a conjunction of linear constraints is well-founded.
Cite as

Quentin Guilmant, Engel Lefaucheux, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. The 2-Dimensional Constraint Loop Problem Is Decidable. In 51st International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 297, pp. 140:1-140:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{guilmant_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2024.140,
  author =	{Guilmant, Quentin and Lefaucheux, Engel and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{The 2-Dimensional Constraint Loop Problem Is Decidable}},
  booktitle =	{51st International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2024)},
  pages =	{140:1--140:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-322-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{297},
  editor =	{Bringmann, Karl and Grohe, Martin and Puppis, Gabriele and Svensson, Ola},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2024.140},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-202831},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2024.140},
  annote =	{Keywords: Linear Constraints Loops, Minkowski-Weyl, Convex Sets, Asymptotic Expansions}
}
Document
Track B: Automata, Logic, Semantics, and Theory of Programming
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2024.144
On Transcendence of Numbers Related to Sturmian and Arnoux-Rauzy Words

Authors: Pavol Kebis, Florian Luca, Joël Ouaknine, Andrew Scoones, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 297, 51st International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2024)

Abstract
We consider numbers of the form S_β(u): = ∑_{n=0}^∞ (u_n)/(βⁿ), where u = ⟨u_n⟩_{n=0}^∞ is an infinite word over a finite alphabet and β ∈ ℂ satisfies |β| > 1. Our main contribution is to present a combinatorial criterion on u, called echoing, that implies that S_β(u) is transcendental whenever β is algebraic. We show that every Sturmian word is echoing, as is the Tribonacci word, a leading example of an Arnoux-Rauzy word. We furthermore characterise ̅{ℚ}-linear independence of sets of the form {1, S_β(u₁),…,S_β(u_k)}, where u₁,…,u_k are Sturmian words having the same slope. Finally, we give an application of the above linear independence criterion to the theory of dynamical systems, showing that for a contracted rotation on the unit circle with algebraic slope, its limit set is either finite or consists exclusively of transcendental elements other than its endpoints 0 and 1. This confirms a conjecture of Bugeaud, Kim, Laurent, and Nogueira.
Cite as

Pavol Kebis, Florian Luca, Joël Ouaknine, Andrew Scoones, and James Worrell. On Transcendence of Numbers Related to Sturmian and Arnoux-Rauzy Words. In 51st International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 297, pp. 144:1-144:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{kebis_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2024.144,
  author =	{Kebis, Pavol and Luca, Florian and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Scoones, Andrew and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{On Transcendence of Numbers Related to Sturmian and Arnoux-Rauzy Words}},
  booktitle =	{51st International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2024)},
  pages =	{144:1--144:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-322-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{297},
  editor =	{Bringmann, Karl and Grohe, Martin and Puppis, Gabriele and Svensson, Ola},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2024.144},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-202873},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2024.144},
  annote =	{Keywords: Transcendence, Subspace Theorem, Fibonacci Word, Tribonacci Word}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2024.27
Nonnegativity Problems for Matrix Semigroups

Authors: Julian D'Costa, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 289, 41st International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2024)

Abstract
The matrix semigroup membership problem asks, given square matrices M,M₁,…,M_k of the same dimension, whether M lies in the semigroup generated by M₁,…,M_k. It is classical that this problem is undecidable in general, but decidable in case M₁,…,M_k commute. In this paper we consider the problem of whether, given M₁,…,M_k, the semigroup generated by M₁,…,M_k contains a non-negative matrix. We show that in case M₁,…,M_k commute, this problem is decidable subject to Schanuel’s Conjecture. We show also that the problem is undecidable if the commutativity assumption is dropped. A key lemma in our decidability proof is a procedure to determine, given a matrix M, whether the sequence of matrices (Mⁿ)_{n = 0}^∞ is ultimately nonnegative. This answers a problem posed by S. Akshay [S. Akshay et al., 2022]. The latter result is in stark contrast to the notorious fact that it is not known how to determine, for any specific matrix index (i,j), whether the sequence (Mⁿ)_{i,j} is ultimately nonnegative. Indeed the latter is equivalent to the Ultimate Positivity Problem for linear recurrence sequences, a longstanding open problem.
Cite as

Julian D'Costa, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. Nonnegativity Problems for Matrix Semigroups. In 41st International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2024). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 289, pp. 27:1-27:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2024)

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@InProceedings{dcosta_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2024.27,
  author =	{D'Costa, Julian and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Nonnegativity Problems for Matrix Semigroups}},
  booktitle =	{41st International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2024)},
  pages =	{27:1--27:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-311-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2024},
  volume =	{289},
  editor =	{Beyersdorff, Olaf and Kant\'{e}, Mamadou Moustapha and Kupferman, Orna and Lokshtanov, Daniel},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2024.27},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-197371},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2024.27},
  annote =	{Keywords: Decidability, Linear Recurrence Sequences, Schanuel’s Conjecture}
}
Document
Invited Talk
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2023.5
The Skolem Landscape (Invited Talk)

Authors: James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 261, 50th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2023)

Abstract
The Skolem Problem asks to determine whether a given integer linear recurrence sequence (LRS) has a zero term. This decision problem arises within a number of different topics in computer science, including loop termination, weighted automata, formal power series, and probabilistic model checking, among many other examples. Decidability of the problem is notoriously open, despite having been the subject of sustained interest over several decades [Halava et al., 2005]. More specifically, the problem is known to be decidable for recurrences of order at most 4 - a result obtained some 40 years ago [Mignotte et al., 1984; Vereshchagin, 1985] - while decidability is open already for recurrences of order 5. In this talk we take a wide-ranging view of the Skolem Problem. We survey its history and context, starting with the theorem of Skolem-Mahler-Lech characterising the set of zeros of a LRS over fields of characteristic zero. Here we explain the non-effective nature of the existing proofs of the theorem. Among modern developments, we overview versions of the Skolem-Mahler-Lech theorem for non-linear recurrences and for fields of non-zero characteristic. We also describe two recent directions of progress toward showing decidability of the Skolem Problem subject to classical number theoretic conjectures. The first new development concerns a recent algorithm [Y. Bilu et al., 2022] that decides the problem on the class of simple LRS (those with simple characteristic roots) subject to two classical conjectures about the exponential function. The algorithm is self-certifying: its output comes with a certificate of correctness that can be checked unconditionally. The two conjectures alluded to above are required for the proof of termination of the algorithm. A second new development concerns the notion of Universal Skolem Set [F. Luca et al., 2022]: a recursive set S of positive integers such that it is decidable whether a given non-degenerate linear recurrence sequence has a zero in S. Decidability of the Skolem Problem is equivalent to the assertion that ℕ is a Universal Skolem Set. In lieu of this one can ask whether there exists a Universal Skolem Set of density one. We will present a recent a construction of a Universal Skolem Set that has positive density unconditionally and has density one subject to the Bateman-Horn conjecture in number theory. The latter is a far-reaching generalisation of Hardy and Littlewood’s twin primes conjecture.
Cite as

James Worrell. The Skolem Landscape (Invited Talk). In 50th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 261, pp. 5:1-5:2, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{worrell:LIPIcs.ICALP.2023.5,
  author =	{Worrell, James},
  title =	{{The Skolem Landscape}},
  booktitle =	{50th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2023)},
  pages =	{5:1--5:2},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-278-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{261},
  editor =	{Etessami, Kousha and Feige, Uriel and Puppis, Gabriele},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2023.5},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-180573},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2023.5},
  annote =	{Keywords: Automata, Formal Languages, Linear Recurrence Sequences}
}
Document
Track B: Automata, Logic, Semantics, and Theory of Programming
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2023.130
Positivity Problems for Reversible Linear Recurrence Sequences

Authors: George Kenison, Joris Nieuwveld, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 261, 50th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2023)

Abstract
It is a longstanding open problem whether there is an algorithm to decide the Positivity Problem for linear recurrence sequences (LRS) over the integers, namely whether given such a sequence, all its terms are non-negative. Decidability is known for LRS of order 5 or less, i.e., for those sequences in which every new term depends linearly on the previous five (or fewer) terms. For simple LRS (i.e., those sequences whose characteristic polynomials have no repeated roots), decidability of Positivity is known up to order 9. In this paper, we focus on the important subclass of reversible LRS, i.e., those integer LRS ⟨u_n⟩_{n=0}^∞ whose bi-infinite completion ⟨u_n⟩_{n=-∞}^∞ also takes exclusively integer values; a typical example is the classical Fibonacci (bi-)sequence ⟨ … , 5, -3, 2, -1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, … ⟩. Our main results are that Positivity is decidable for reversible LRS of order 11 or less, and for simple reversible LRS of order 17 or less.
Cite as

George Kenison, Joris Nieuwveld, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. Positivity Problems for Reversible Linear Recurrence Sequences. In 50th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2023). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 261, pp. 130:1-130:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2023)

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@InProceedings{kenison_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2023.130,
  author =	{Kenison, George and Nieuwveld, Joris and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Positivity Problems for Reversible Linear Recurrence Sequences}},
  booktitle =	{50th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2023)},
  pages =	{130:1--130:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-278-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2023},
  volume =	{261},
  editor =	{Etessami, Kousha and Feige, Uriel and Puppis, Gabriele},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2023.130},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-181821},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2023.130},
  annote =	{Keywords: The Positivity Problem, Linear Recurrence Sequences, Verification}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2022.10
Parameter Synthesis for Parametric Probabilistic Dynamical Systems and Prefix-Independent Specifications

Authors: Christel Baier, Florian Funke, Simon Jantsch, Toghrul Karimov, Engel Lefaucheux, Joël Ouaknine, David Purser, Markus A. Whiteland, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 243, 33rd International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2022)

Abstract
We consider the model-checking problem for parametric probabilistic dynamical systems, formalised as Markov chains with parametric transition functions, analysed under the distribution-transformer semantics (in which a Markov chain induces a sequence of distributions over states). We examine the problem of synthesising the set of parameter valuations of a parametric Markov chain such that the orbits of induced state distributions satisfy a prefix-independent ω-regular property. Our main result establishes that in all non-degenerate instances, the feasible set of parameters is (up to a null set) semialgebraic, and can moreover be computed (in polynomial time assuming that the ambient dimension, corresponding to the number of states of the Markov chain, is fixed).
Cite as

Christel Baier, Florian Funke, Simon Jantsch, Toghrul Karimov, Engel Lefaucheux, Joël Ouaknine, David Purser, Markus A. Whiteland, and James Worrell. Parameter Synthesis for Parametric Probabilistic Dynamical Systems and Prefix-Independent Specifications. In 33rd International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 243, pp. 10:1-10:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{baier_et_al:LIPIcs.CONCUR.2022.10,
  author =	{Baier, Christel and Funke, Florian and Jantsch, Simon and Karimov, Toghrul and Lefaucheux, Engel and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Purser, David and Whiteland, Markus A. and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Parameter Synthesis for Parametric Probabilistic Dynamical Systems and Prefix-Independent Specifications}},
  booktitle =	{33rd International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2022)},
  pages =	{10:1--10:16},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-246-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{243},
  editor =	{Klin, Bartek and Lasota, S{\l}awomir and Muscholl, Anca},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2022.10},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-170732},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2022.10},
  annote =	{Keywords: Model checking, parametric Markov chains, distribution transformer semantics}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.20
Skolem Meets Schanuel

Authors: Yuri Bilu, Florian Luca, Joris Nieuwveld, Joël Ouaknine, David Purser, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 241, 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)

Abstract
The celebrated Skolem-Mahler-Lech Theorem states that the set of zeros of a linear recurrence sequence is the union of a finite set and finitely many arithmetic progressions. The corresponding computational question, the Skolem Problem, asks to determine whether a given linear recurrence sequence has a zero term. Although the Skolem-Mahler-Lech Theorem is almost 90 years old, decidability of the Skolem Problem remains open. The main contribution of this paper is an algorithm to solve the Skolem Problem for simple linear recurrence sequences (those with simple characteristic roots). Whenever the algorithm terminates, it produces a stand-alone certificate that its output is correct - a set of zeros together with a collection of witnesses that no further zeros exist. We give a proof that the algorithm always terminates assuming two classical number-theoretic conjectures: the Skolem Conjecture (also known as the Exponential Local-Global Principle) and the p-adic Schanuel Conjecture. Preliminary experiments with an implementation of this algorithm within the tool Skolem point to the practical applicability of this method.
Cite as

Yuri Bilu, Florian Luca, Joris Nieuwveld, Joël Ouaknine, David Purser, and James Worrell. Skolem Meets Schanuel. In 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 241, pp. 20:1-20:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{bilu_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.20,
  author =	{Bilu, Yuri and Luca, Florian and Nieuwveld, Joris and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Purser, David and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Skolem Meets Schanuel}},
  booktitle =	{47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)},
  pages =	{20:1--20:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-256-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{241},
  editor =	{Szeider, Stefan and Ganian, Robert and Silva, Alexandra},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.20},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-168180},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.20},
  annote =	{Keywords: Skolem Problem, Skolem Conjecture, Exponential Local-Global Principle, p-adic Schanuel Conjecture}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.39
Bounding the Escape Time of a Linear Dynamical System over a Compact Semialgebraic Set

Authors: Julian D'Costa, Engel Lefaucheux, Eike Neumann, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 241, 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)

Abstract
We study the Escape Problem for discrete-time linear dynamical systems over compact semialgebraic sets. We establish a uniform upper bound on the number of iterations it takes for every orbit of a rational matrix to escape a compact semialgebraic set defined over rational data. Our bound is doubly exponential in the ambient dimension, singly exponential in the degrees of the polynomials used to define the semialgebraic set, and singly exponential in the bitsize of the coefficients of these polynomials and the bitsize of the matrix entries. We show that our bound is tight by providing a matching lower bound.
Cite as

Julian D'Costa, Engel Lefaucheux, Eike Neumann, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. Bounding the Escape Time of a Linear Dynamical System over a Compact Semialgebraic Set. In 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 241, pp. 39:1-39:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{dcosta_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.39,
  author =	{D'Costa, Julian and Lefaucheux, Engel and Neumann, Eike and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Bounding the Escape Time of a Linear Dynamical System over a Compact Semialgebraic Set}},
  booktitle =	{47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)},
  pages =	{39:1--39:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-256-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{241},
  editor =	{Szeider, Stefan and Ganian, Robert and Silva, Alexandra},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.39},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-168374},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.39},
  annote =	{Keywords: Discrete linear dynamical systems, Program termination, Compact semialgebraic sets, Uniform termination bounds}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.40
The Pseudo-Reachability Problem for Diagonalisable Linear Dynamical Systems

Authors: Julian D'Costa, Toghrul Karimov, Rupak Majumdar, Joël Ouaknine, Mahmoud Salamati, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 241, 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)

Abstract
We study fundamental reachability problems on pseudo-orbits of linear dynamical systems. Pseudo-orbits can be viewed as a model of computation with limited precision and pseudo-reachability can be thought of as a robust version of classical reachability. Using an approach based on o-minimality of ℝ_exp we prove decidability of the discrete-time pseudo-reachability problem with arbitrary semialgebraic targets for diagonalisable linear dynamical systems. We also show that our method can be used to reduce the continuous-time pseudo-reachability problem to the (classical) time-bounded reachability problem, which is known to be conditionally decidable.
Cite as

Julian D'Costa, Toghrul Karimov, Rupak Majumdar, Joël Ouaknine, Mahmoud Salamati, and James Worrell. The Pseudo-Reachability Problem for Diagonalisable Linear Dynamical Systems. In 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 241, pp. 40:1-40:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{dcosta_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.40,
  author =	{D'Costa, Julian and Karimov, Toghrul and Majumdar, Rupak and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Salamati, Mahmoud and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{The Pseudo-Reachability Problem for Diagonalisable Linear Dynamical Systems}},
  booktitle =	{47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)},
  pages =	{40:1--40:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-256-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{241},
  editor =	{Szeider, Stefan and Ganian, Robert and Silva, Alexandra},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.40},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-168380},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.40},
  annote =	{Keywords: pseudo-orbits, Orbit problem, Skolem problem, linear dynamical systems, reachability}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.73
A Universal Skolem Set of Positive Lower Density

Authors: Florian Luca, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 241, 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)

Abstract
The Skolem Problem asks to decide whether a given integer linear recurrence sequence (LRS) has a zero term. Decidability of this problem has been open for many decades, with little progress since the 1980s. Recently, a new approach was initiated via the notion of a Skolem set - a set of positive integers relative to which the Skolem Problem is decidable. More precisely, 𝒮 is a Skolem set for a class ℒ of integer LRS if there is an effective procedure that, given an LRS in ℒ, decides whether the sequence has a zero in 𝒮. A recent work exhibited a Skolem set for the class of all LRS that, while infinite, had density zero. In the present work we construct a Skolem set of positive lower density for the class of simple LRS .
Cite as

Florian Luca, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. A Universal Skolem Set of Positive Lower Density. In 47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 241, pp. 73:1-73:12, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2022)

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@InProceedings{luca_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.73,
  author =	{Luca, Florian and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{A Universal Skolem Set of Positive Lower Density}},
  booktitle =	{47th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2022)},
  pages =	{73:1--73:12},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-256-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2022},
  volume =	{241},
  editor =	{Szeider, Stefan and Ganian, Robert and Silva, Alexandra},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.73},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-168711},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2022.73},
  annote =	{Keywords: Linear Recurrence Sequences, Skolem Problem, Exponential Diophantine Equations, Sieve Methods}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.33
On the Complexity of the Escape Problem for Linear Dynamical Systems over Compact Semialgebraic Sets

Authors: Julian D'Costa, Engel Lefaucheux, Eike Neumann, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 202, 46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021)

Abstract
We study the computational complexity of the Escape Problem for discrete-time linear dynamical systems over compact semialgebraic sets, or equivalently the Termination Problem for affine loops with compact semialgebraic guard sets. Consider the fragment of the theory of the reals consisting of negation-free ∃ ∀-sentences without strict inequalities. We derive several equivalent characterisations of the associated complexity class which demonstrate its robustness and illustrate its expressive power. We show that the Compact Escape Problem is complete for this class.
Cite as

Julian D'Costa, Engel Lefaucheux, Eike Neumann, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. On the Complexity of the Escape Problem for Linear Dynamical Systems over Compact Semialgebraic Sets. In 46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 202, pp. 33:1-33:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{dcosta_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.33,
  author =	{D'Costa, Julian and Lefaucheux, Engel and Neumann, Eike and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{On the Complexity of the Escape Problem for Linear Dynamical Systems over Compact Semialgebraic Sets}},
  booktitle =	{46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021)},
  pages =	{33:1--33:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-201-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{202},
  editor =	{Bonchi, Filippo and Puglisi, Simon J.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.33},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-144734},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.33},
  annote =	{Keywords: Discrete linear dynamical systems, Program termination, Compact semialgebraic sets, Theory of the reals}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.34
The Pseudo-Skolem Problem is Decidable

Authors: Julian D'Costa, Toghrul Karimov, Rupak Majumdar, Joël Ouaknine, Mahmoud Salamati, Sadegh Soudjani, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 202, 46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021)

Abstract
We study fundamental decision problems on linear dynamical systems in discrete time. We focus on pseudo-orbits, the collection of trajectories of the dynamical system for which there is an arbitrarily small perturbation at each step. Pseudo-orbits are generalizations of orbits in the topological theory of dynamical systems. We study the pseudo-orbit problem, whether a state belongs to the pseudo-orbit of another state, and the pseudo-Skolem problem, whether a hyperplane is reachable by an ε-pseudo-orbit for every ε. These problems are analogous to the well-studied orbit problem and Skolem problem on unperturbed dynamical systems. Our main results show that the pseudo-orbit problem is decidable in polynomial time and the Skolem problem on pseudo-orbits is decidable. The former extends the seminal result of Kannan and Lipton from orbits to pseudo-orbits. The latter is in contrast to the Skolem problem for linear dynamical systems, which remains open for proper orbits.
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Julian D'Costa, Toghrul Karimov, Rupak Majumdar, Joël Ouaknine, Mahmoud Salamati, Sadegh Soudjani, and James Worrell. The Pseudo-Skolem Problem is Decidable. In 46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 202, pp. 34:1-34:21, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{dcosta_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.34,
  author =	{D'Costa, Julian and Karimov, Toghrul and Majumdar, Rupak and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Salamati, Mahmoud and Soudjani, Sadegh and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{The Pseudo-Skolem Problem is Decidable}},
  booktitle =	{46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021)},
  pages =	{34:1--34:21},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-201-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{202},
  editor =	{Bonchi, Filippo and Puglisi, Simon J.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.34},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-144742},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.34},
  annote =	{Keywords: Pseudo-orbits, Orbit problem, Skolem problem, linear dynamical systems}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.67
On Positivity and Minimality for Second-Order Holonomic Sequences

Authors: George Kenison, Oleksiy Klurman, Engel Lefaucheux, Florian Luca, Pieter Moree, Joël Ouaknine, Markus A. Whiteland, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 202, 46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021)

Abstract
An infinite sequence ⟨u_n⟩_n of real numbers is holonomic (also known as P-recursive or P-finite) if it satisfies a linear recurrence relation with polynomial coefficients. Such a sequence is said to be positive if each u_n ≥ 0, and minimal if, given any other linearly independent sequence ⟨v_n⟩_n satisfying the same recurrence relation, the ratio u_n/v_n → 0 as n → ∞. In this paper we give a Turing reduction of the problem of deciding positivity of second-order holonomic sequences to that of deciding minimality of such sequences. More specifically, we give a procedure for determining positivity of second-order holonomic sequences that terminates in all but an exceptional number of cases, and we show that in these exceptional cases positivity can be determined using an oracle for deciding minimality.
Cite as

George Kenison, Oleksiy Klurman, Engel Lefaucheux, Florian Luca, Pieter Moree, Joël Ouaknine, Markus A. Whiteland, and James Worrell. On Positivity and Minimality for Second-Order Holonomic Sequences. In 46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 202, pp. 67:1-67:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{kenison_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.67,
  author =	{Kenison, George and Klurman, Oleksiy and Lefaucheux, Engel and Luca, Florian and Moree, Pieter and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Whiteland, Markus A. and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{On Positivity and Minimality for Second-Order Holonomic Sequences}},
  booktitle =	{46th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2021)},
  pages =	{67:1--67:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-201-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{202},
  editor =	{Bonchi, Filippo and Puglisi, Simon J.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.67},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-145071},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2021.67},
  annote =	{Keywords: Holonomic sequences, Minimal solutions, Positivity Problem}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2021.28
The Orbit Problem for Parametric Linear Dynamical Systems

Authors: Christel Baier, Florian Funke, Simon Jantsch, Toghrul Karimov, Engel Lefaucheux, Florian Luca, Joël Ouaknine, David Purser, Markus A. Whiteland, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 203, 32nd International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2021)

Abstract
We study a parametric version of the Kannan-Lipton Orbit Problem for linear dynamical systems. We show decidability in the case of one parameter and Skolem-hardness with two or more parameters. More precisely, consider a d-dimensional square matrix M whose entries are algebraic functions in one or more real variables. Given initial and target vectors u,v ∈ ℚ^d, the parametric point-to-point orbit problem asks whether there exist values of the parameters giving rise to a concrete matrix N ∈ ℝ^{d× d}, and a positive integer n ∈ ℕ, such that N^{n} u = v. We show decidability for the case in which M depends only upon a single parameter, and we exhibit a reduction from the well-known Skolem Problem for linear recurrence sequences, suggesting intractability in the case of two or more parameters.
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Christel Baier, Florian Funke, Simon Jantsch, Toghrul Karimov, Engel Lefaucheux, Florian Luca, Joël Ouaknine, David Purser, Markus A. Whiteland, and James Worrell. The Orbit Problem for Parametric Linear Dynamical Systems. In 32nd International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 203, pp. 28:1-28:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{baier_et_al:LIPIcs.CONCUR.2021.28,
  author =	{Baier, Christel and Funke, Florian and Jantsch, Simon and Karimov, Toghrul and Lefaucheux, Engel and Luca, Florian and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Purser, David and Whiteland, Markus A. and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{The Orbit Problem for Parametric Linear Dynamical Systems}},
  booktitle =	{32nd International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2021)},
  pages =	{28:1--28:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-203-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{203},
  editor =	{Haddad, Serge and Varacca, Daniele},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2021.28},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-144053},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2021.28},
  annote =	{Keywords: Orbit problem, parametric, linear dynamical systems}
}
Document
Complete Volume
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021
LIPIcs, Volume 198, ICALP 2021, Complete Volume

Authors: Nikhil Bansal, Emanuela Merelli, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 198, 48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021)

Abstract
LIPIcs, Volume 198, ICALP 2021, Complete Volume
Cite as

48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 198, pp. 1-2622, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@Proceedings{bansal_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2021,
  title =	{{LIPIcs, Volume 198, ICALP 2021, Complete Volume}},
  booktitle =	{48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021)},
  pages =	{1--2622},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-195-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{198},
  editor =	{Bansal, Nikhil and Merelli, Emanuela and Worrell, James},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-140687},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021},
  annote =	{Keywords: LIPIcs, Volume 198, ICALP 2021, Complete Volume}
}
Document
Front Matter
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.0
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization

Authors: Nikhil Bansal, Emanuela Merelli, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 198, 48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021)

Abstract
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization
Cite as

48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 198, pp. 0:i-0:xxxviii, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{bansal_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.0,
  author =	{Bansal, Nikhil and Merelli, Emanuela and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}},
  booktitle =	{48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021)},
  pages =	{0:i--0:xxxviii},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-195-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{198},
  editor =	{Bansal, Nikhil and Merelli, Emanuela and Worrell, James},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.0},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-140696},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.0},
  annote =	{Keywords: Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}
}
Document
Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Games
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.99
Decision Problems for Second-Order Holonomic Recurrences

Authors: Eike Neumann, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 198, 48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021)

Abstract
We study decision problems for sequences which obey a second-order holonomic recurrence of the form f(n + 2) = P(n) f(n + 1) + Q(n) f(n) with rational polynomial coefficients, where P is non-constant, Q is non-zero, and the degree of Q is smaller than or equal to that of P. We show that existence of infinitely many zeroes is decidable. We give partial algorithms for deciding the existence of a zero, positivity of all sequence terms, and positivity of all but finitely many sequence terms. If Q does not have a positive integer zero then our algorithms halt on almost all initial values (f(1), f(2)) for the recurrence. We identify a class of recurrences for which our algorithms halt for all initial values. We further identify a class of recurrences for which our algorithms can be extended to total ones.
Cite as

Eike Neumann, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. Decision Problems for Second-Order Holonomic Recurrences. In 48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 198, pp. 99:1-99:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2021)

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@InProceedings{neumann_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.99,
  author =	{Neumann, Eike and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Decision Problems for Second-Order Holonomic Recurrences}},
  booktitle =	{48th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2021)},
  pages =	{99:1--99:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-195-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2021},
  volume =	{198},
  editor =	{Bansal, Nikhil and Merelli, Emanuela and Worrell, James},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.99},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-141682},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2021.99},
  annote =	{Keywords: holonomic sequences, Positivity Problem, Skolem Problem}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2020.15
On Ranking Function Synthesis and Termination for Polynomial Programs

Authors: Eike Neumann, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 171, 31st International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2020)

Abstract
We consider the problem of synthesising polynomial ranking functions for single-path loops over the reals with continuous semi-algebraic update function and compact semi-algebraic guard set. We show that a loop of this form has a polynomial ranking function if and only if it terminates. We further show that termination is decidable for such loops in the special case where the update function is affine.
Cite as

Eike Neumann, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. On Ranking Function Synthesis and Termination for Polynomial Programs. In 31st International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 171, pp. 15:1-15:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{neumann_et_al:LIPIcs.CONCUR.2020.15,
  author =	{Neumann, Eike and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{On Ranking Function Synthesis and Termination for Polynomial Programs}},
  booktitle =	{31st International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2020)},
  pages =	{15:1--15:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-160-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{171},
  editor =	{Konnov, Igor and Kov\'{a}cs, Laura},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2020.15},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-128278},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2020.15},
  annote =	{Keywords: Semi-algebraic sets, Polynomial ranking functions, Polynomial programs}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2020.32
Algebraic Invariants for Linear Hybrid Automata

Authors: Rupak Majumdar, Joël Ouaknine, Amaury Pouly, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 171, 31st International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2020)

Abstract
We exhibit an algorithm to compute the strongest algebraic (or polynomial) invariants that hold at each location of a given guard-free linear hybrid automaton (i.e., a hybrid automaton having only unguarded transitions, all of whose assignments are given by affine expressions, and all of whose continuous dynamics are given by linear differential equations). Our main tool is a control-theoretic result of independent interest: given such a linear hybrid automaton, we show how to discretise the continuous dynamics in such a way that the resulting automaton has precisely the same algebraic invariants.
Cite as

Rupak Majumdar, Joël Ouaknine, Amaury Pouly, and James Worrell. Algebraic Invariants for Linear Hybrid Automata. In 31st International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 171, pp. 32:1-32:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{majumdar_et_al:LIPIcs.CONCUR.2020.32,
  author =	{Majumdar, Rupak and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Pouly, Amaury and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Algebraic Invariants for Linear Hybrid Automata}},
  booktitle =	{31st International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2020)},
  pages =	{32:1--32:17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-160-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{171},
  editor =	{Konnov, Igor and Kov\'{a}cs, Laura},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2020.32},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-128443},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2020.32},
  annote =	{Keywords: Hybrid automata, algebraic invariants}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2020.38
Coverability in 1-VASS with Disequality Tests

Authors: Shaull Almagor, Nathann Cohen, Guillermo A. Pérez, Mahsa Shirmohammadi, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 171, 31st International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2020)

Abstract
We study a class of reachability problems in weighted graphs with constraints on the accumulated weight of paths. The problems we study can equivalently be formulated in the model of vector addition systems with states (VASS). We consider a version of the vertex-to-vertex reachability problem in which the accumulated weight of a path is required always to be non-negative. This is equivalent to the so-called control-state reachability problem (also called the coverability problem) for 1-dimensional VASS. We show that this problem lies in NC: the class of problems solvable in polylogarithmic parallel time. In our main result we generalise the problem to allow disequality constraints on edges (i.e., we allow edges to be disabled if the accumulated weight is equal to a specific value). We show that in this case the vertex-to-vertex reachability problem is solvable in polynomial time even though a shortest path may have exponential length. In the language of VASS this means that control-state reachability is in polynomial time for 1-dimensional VASS with disequality tests.
Cite as

Shaull Almagor, Nathann Cohen, Guillermo A. Pérez, Mahsa Shirmohammadi, and James Worrell. Coverability in 1-VASS with Disequality Tests. In 31st International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 171, pp. 38:1-38:20, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{almagor_et_al:LIPIcs.CONCUR.2020.38,
  author =	{Almagor, Shaull and Cohen, Nathann and P\'{e}rez, Guillermo A. and Shirmohammadi, Mahsa and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Coverability in 1-VASS with Disequality Tests}},
  booktitle =	{31st International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2020)},
  pages =	{38:1--38:20},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-160-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{171},
  editor =	{Konnov, Igor and Kov\'{a}cs, Laura},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2020.38},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-128501},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2020.38},
  annote =	{Keywords: Reachability, Vector addition systems with states, Weighted graphs}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.54
On LTL Model Checking for Low-Dimensional Discrete Linear Dynamical Systems

Authors: Toghrul Karimov, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 170, 45th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2020)

Abstract
Consider a discrete dynamical system given by a square matrix M ∈ ℚ^{d × d} and a starting point s ∈ ℚ^d. The orbit of such a system is the infinite trajectory ⟨ s, Ms, M²s, …⟩. Given a collection T₁, T₂, …, T_m ⊆ ℝ^d of semialgebraic sets, we can associate with each T_i an atomic proposition P_i which evaluates to true at time n if, and only if, M^ns ∈ T_i. This gives rise to the LTL Model-Checking Problem for discrete linear dynamical systems: given such a system (M,s) and an LTL formula over such atomic propositions, determine whether the orbit satisfies the formula. The main contribution of the present paper is to show that the LTL Model-Checking Problem for discrete linear dynamical systems is decidable in dimension 3 or less.
Cite as

Toghrul Karimov, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. On LTL Model Checking for Low-Dimensional Discrete Linear Dynamical Systems. In 45th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 170, pp. 54:1-54:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{karimov_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.54,
  author =	{Karimov, Toghrul and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{On LTL Model Checking for Low-Dimensional Discrete Linear Dynamical Systems}},
  booktitle =	{45th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2020)},
  pages =	{54:1--54:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-159-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{170},
  editor =	{Esparza, Javier and Kr\'{a}l', Daniel},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.54},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-127215},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2020.54},
  annote =	{Keywords: Linear dynamical systems, Orbit Problem, LTL model checking}
}
Document
Track B: Automata, Logic, Semantics, and Theory of Programming
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2020.107
Invariants for Continuous Linear Dynamical Systems

Authors: Shaull Almagor, Edon Kelmendi, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 168, 47th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2020)

Abstract
Continuous linear dynamical systems are used extensively in mathematics, computer science, physics, and engineering to model the evolution of a system over time. A central technique for certifying safety properties of such systems is by synthesising inductive invariants. This is the task of finding a set of states that is closed under the dynamics of the system and is disjoint from a given set of error states. In this paper we study the problem of synthesising inductive invariants that are definable in o-minimal expansions of the ordered field of real numbers. In particular, assuming Schanuel’s conjecture in transcendental number theory, we establish effective synthesis of o-minimal invariants in the case of semi-algebraic error sets. Without using Schanuel’s conjecture, we give a procedure for synthesizing o-minimal invariants that contain all but a bounded initial segment of the orbit and are disjoint from a given semi-algebraic error set. We further prove that effective synthesis of semi-algebraic invariants that contain the whole orbit, is at least as hard as a certain open problem in transcendental number theory.
Cite as

Shaull Almagor, Edon Kelmendi, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. Invariants for Continuous Linear Dynamical Systems. In 47th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 168, pp. 107:1-107:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{almagor_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2020.107,
  author =	{Almagor, Shaull and Kelmendi, Edon and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Invariants for Continuous Linear Dynamical Systems}},
  booktitle =	{47th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2020)},
  pages =	{107:1--107:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-138-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{168},
  editor =	{Czumaj, Artur and Dawar, Anuj and Merelli, Emanuela},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2020.107},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-125141},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2020.107},
  annote =	{Keywords: Invariants, continuous linear dynamical systems, continuous Skolem problem, safety, o-minimality}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2020.49
How Fast Can You Escape a Compact Polytope?

Authors: Julian D'Costa, Engel Lefaucheux, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 154, 37th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2020)

Abstract
The Continuous Polytope Escape Problem (CPEP) asks whether every trajectory of a linear differential equation initialised within a convex polytope eventually escapes the polytope. We provide a polynomial-time algorithm to decide CPEP for compact polytopes. We also establish a quantitative uniform upper bound on the time required for every trajectory to escape the given polytope. In addition, we establish iteration bounds for termination of discrete linear loops via reduction to the continuous case.
Cite as

Julian D'Costa, Engel Lefaucheux, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. How Fast Can You Escape a Compact Polytope?. In 37th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2020). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 154, pp. 49:1-49:11, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2020)

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@InProceedings{dcosta_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2020.49,
  author =	{D'Costa, Julian and Lefaucheux, Engel and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{How Fast Can You Escape a Compact Polytope?}},
  booktitle =	{37th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2020)},
  pages =	{49:1--49:11},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-140-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2020},
  volume =	{154},
  editor =	{Paul, Christophe and Bl\"{a}ser, Markus},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2020.49},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-119105},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2020.49},
  annote =	{Keywords: Continuous linear dynamical systems, termination}
}
Document
Track A: Algorithms, Complexity and Games
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.44
On Reachability Problems for Low-Dimensional Matrix Semigroups

Authors: Thomas Colcombet, Joël Ouaknine, Pavel Semukhin, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 132, 46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019)

Abstract
We consider the Membership and the Half-Space Reachability problems for matrices in dimensions two and three. Our first main result is that the Membership Problem is decidable for finitely generated sub-semigroups of the Heisenberg group over rational numbers. Furthermore, we prove two decidability results for the Half-Space Reachability Problem. Namely, we show that this problem is decidable for sub-semigroups of GL(2,Z) and of the Heisenberg group over rational numbers.
Cite as

Thomas Colcombet, Joël Ouaknine, Pavel Semukhin, and James Worrell. On Reachability Problems for Low-Dimensional Matrix Semigroups. In 46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 132, pp. 44:1-44:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{colcombet_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.44,
  author =	{Colcombet, Thomas and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Semukhin, Pavel and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{On Reachability Problems for Low-Dimensional Matrix Semigroups}},
  booktitle =	{46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019)},
  pages =	{44:1--44:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-109-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{132},
  editor =	{Baier, Christel and Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Flocchini, Paola and Leonardi, Stefano},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.44},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-106209},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.44},
  annote =	{Keywords: membership problem, half-space reachability problem, matrix semigroups, Heisenberg group, general linear group}
}
Document
Track B: Automata, Logic, Semantics, and Theory of Programming
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.118
Termination of Linear Loops over the Integers (Track B: Automata, Logic, Semantics, and Theory of Programming)

Authors: Mehran Hosseini, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 132, 46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019)

Abstract
We consider the problem of deciding termination of single-path while loops with integer variables, affine updates, and affine guard conditions. The question is whether such a loop terminates on all integer initial values. This problem is known to be decidable for the subclass of loops whose update matrices are diagonalisable, but the general case has remained open since being conjectured decidable by Tiwari in 2004. In this paper we show decidability of determining termination for arbitrary update matrices, confirming Tiwari’s conjecture. For the class of loops considered in this paper, the question of deciding termination on a specific initial value is a longstanding open problem in number theory. The key to our decision procedure is in showing how to circumvent the difficulties inherent in deciding termination on a fixed initial value.
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Mehran Hosseini, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. Termination of Linear Loops over the Integers (Track B: Automata, Logic, Semantics, and Theory of Programming). In 46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 132, pp. 118:1-118:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{hosseini_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.118,
  author =	{Hosseini, Mehran and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Termination of Linear Loops over the Integers}},
  booktitle =	{46th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2019)},
  pages =	{118:1--118:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-109-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{132},
  editor =	{Baier, Christel and Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Flocchini, Paola and Leonardi, Stefano},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.118},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-106940},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2019.118},
  annote =	{Keywords: Program Verification, Loop Termination, Linear Integer Programs, Affine While Loops}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2019.6
The Semialgebraic Orbit Problem

Authors: Shaull Almagor, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 126, 36th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2019)

Abstract
The Semialgebraic Orbit Problem is a fundamental reachability question that arises in the analysis of discrete-time linear dynamical systems such as automata, Markov chains, recurrence sequences, and linear while loops. An instance of the problem comprises a dimension d in N, a square matrix A in Q^{d x d}, and semialgebraic source and target sets S,T subseteq R^d. The question is whether there exists x in S and n in N such that A^nx in T. The main result of this paper is that the Semialgebraic Orbit Problem is decidable for dimension d <= 3. Our decision procedure relies on separation bounds for algebraic numbers as well as a classical result of transcendental number theory - Baker’s theorem on linear forms in logarithms of algebraic numbers. We moreover argue that our main result represents a natural limit to what can be decided (with respect to reachability) about the orbit of a single matrix. On the one hand, semialgebraic sets are arguably the largest general class of subsets of R^d for which membership is decidable. On the other hand, previous work has shown that in dimension d=4, giving a decision procedure for the special case of the Orbit Problem with singleton source set S and polytope target set T would entail major breakthroughs in Diophantine approximation.
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Shaull Almagor, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. The Semialgebraic Orbit Problem. In 36th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2019). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 126, pp. 6:1-6:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2019)

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@InProceedings{almagor_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2019.6,
  author =	{Almagor, Shaull and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{The Semialgebraic Orbit Problem}},
  booktitle =	{36th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2019)},
  pages =	{6:1--6:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-100-9},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2019},
  volume =	{126},
  editor =	{Niedermeier, Rolf and Paul, Christophe},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2019.6},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-102450},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2019.6},
  annote =	{Keywords: linear dynamical systems, Orbit Problem, first order theory of the reals}
}
Document
Complete Volume
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2018
LIPIcs, Volume 117, MFCS'18, Complete Volume

Authors: Igor Potapov, Paul Spirakis, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 117, 43rd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2018)

Abstract
LIPIcs, Volume 117, MFCS'18, Complete Volume
Cite as

43rd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 117, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@Proceedings{potapov_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2018,
  title =	{{LIPIcs, Volume 117, MFCS'18, Complete Volume}},
  booktitle =	{43rd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2018)},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-086-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{117},
  editor =	{Potapov, Igor and Spirakis, Paul and Worrell, James},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2018},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-97459},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2018},
  annote =	{Keywords: Theory of computation}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2018.42
Effective Divergence Analysis for Linear Recurrence Sequences

Authors: Shaull Almagor, Brynmor Chapman, Mehran Hosseini, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 118, 29th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2018)

Abstract
We study the growth behaviour of rational linear recurrence sequences. We show that for low-order sequences, divergence is decidable in polynomial time. We also exhibit a polynomial-time algorithm which takes as input a divergent rational linear recurrence sequence and computes effective fine-grained lower bounds on the growth rate of the sequence.
Cite as

Shaull Almagor, Brynmor Chapman, Mehran Hosseini, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. Effective Divergence Analysis for Linear Recurrence Sequences. In 29th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 118, pp. 42:1-42:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{almagor_et_al:LIPIcs.CONCUR.2018.42,
  author =	{Almagor, Shaull and Chapman, Brynmor and Hosseini, Mehran and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Effective Divergence Analysis for Linear Recurrence Sequences}},
  booktitle =	{29th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2018)},
  pages =	{42:1--42:15},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-087-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{118},
  editor =	{Schewe, Sven and Zhang, Lijun},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2018.42},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-95802},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2018.42},
  annote =	{Keywords: Linear recurrence sequences, Divergence, Algebraic numbers, Positivity}
}
Document
Front Matter
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2018.0
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization

Authors: Igor Potapov, Paul Spirakis, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 117, 43rd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2018)

Abstract
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization
Cite as

43rd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 117, pp. 0:i-0:xx, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{potapov_et_al:LIPIcs.MFCS.2018.0,
  author =	{Potapov, Igor and Spirakis, Paul and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}},
  booktitle =	{43rd International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS 2018)},
  pages =	{0:i--0:xx},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-086-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{117},
  editor =	{Potapov, Igor and Spirakis, Paul and Worrell, James},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2018.0},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-95824},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.MFCS.2018.0},
  annote =	{Keywords: Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.114
O-Minimal Invariants for Linear Loops

Authors: Shaull Almagor, Dmitry Chistikov, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 107, 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)

Abstract
The termination analysis of linear loops plays a key rôle in several areas of computer science, including program verification and abstract interpretation. Such deceptively simple questions also relate to a number of deep open problems, such as the decidability of the Skolem and Positivity Problems for linear recurrence sequences, or equivalently reachability questions for discrete-time linear dynamical systems. In this paper, we introduce the class of o-minimal invariants, which is broader than any previously considered, and study the decidability of the existence and algorithmic synthesis of such invariants as certificates of non-termination for linear loops equipped with a large class of halting conditions. We establish two main decidability results, one of them conditional on Schanuel's conjecture in transcendental number theory.
Cite as

Shaull Almagor, Dmitry Chistikov, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. O-Minimal Invariants for Linear Loops. In 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 107, pp. 114:1-114:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{almagor_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.114,
  author =	{Almagor, Shaull and Chistikov, Dmitry and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{O-Minimal Invariants for Linear Loops}},
  booktitle =	{45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)},
  pages =	{114:1--114:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-076-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{107},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Kaklamanis, Christos and Marx, D\'{a}niel and Sannella, Donald},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.114},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-91188},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.114},
  annote =	{Keywords: Invariants, linear loops, linear dynamical systems, non-termination, o-minimality}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.121
When is Containment Decidable for Probabilistic Automata?

Authors: Laure Daviaud, Marcin Jurdzinski, Ranko Lazic, Filip Mazowiecki, Guillermo A. Pérez, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 107, 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)

Abstract
The containment problem for quantitative automata is the natural quantitative generalisation of the classical language inclusion problem for Boolean automata. We study it for probabilistic automata, where it is known to be undecidable in general. We restrict our study to the class of probabilistic automata with bounded ambiguity. There, we show decidability (subject to Schanuel's conjecture) when one of the automata is assumed to be unambiguous while the other one is allowed to be finitely ambiguous. Furthermore, we show that this is close to the most general decidable fragment of this problem by proving that it is already undecidable if one of the automata is allowed to be linearly ambiguous.
Cite as

Laure Daviaud, Marcin Jurdzinski, Ranko Lazic, Filip Mazowiecki, Guillermo A. Pérez, and James Worrell. When is Containment Decidable for Probabilistic Automata?. In 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 107, pp. 121:1-121:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{daviaud_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.121,
  author =	{Daviaud, Laure and Jurdzinski, Marcin and Lazic, Ranko and Mazowiecki, Filip and P\'{e}rez, Guillermo A. and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{When is Containment Decidable for Probabilistic Automata?}},
  booktitle =	{45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)},
  pages =	{121:1--121:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-076-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{107},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Kaklamanis, Christos and Marx, D\'{a}niel and Sannella, Donald},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.121},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-91251},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.121},
  annote =	{Keywords: Probabilistic automata, Containment, Emptiness, Ambiguity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.125
Costs and Rewards in Priced Timed Automata

Authors: Martin Fränzle, Mahsa Shirmohammadi, Mani Swaminathan, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 107, 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)

Abstract
We consider Pareto analysis of reachable states of multi-priced timed automata (MPTA): timed automata equipped with multiple observers that keep track of costs (to be minimised) and rewards (to be maximised) along a computation. Each observer has a constant non-negative derivative which may depend on the location of the MPTA. We study the Pareto Domination Problem, which asks whether it is possible to reach a target location via a run in which the accumulated costs and rewards Pareto dominate a given objective vector. We show that this problem is undecidable in general, but decidable for MPTA with at most three observers. For MPTA whose observers are all costs or all rewards, we show that the Pareto Domination Problem is PSPACE-complete. We also consider an epsilon-approximate Pareto Domination Problem that is decidable without restricting the number and types of observers. We develop connections between MPTA and Diophantine equations. Undecidability of the Pareto Domination Problem is shown by reduction from Hilbert's 10^{th} Problem, while decidability for three observers is shown by a translation to a fragment of arithmetic involving quadratic forms.
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Martin Fränzle, Mahsa Shirmohammadi, Mani Swaminathan, and James Worrell. Costs and Rewards in Priced Timed Automata. In 45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 107, pp. 125:1-125:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)

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@InProceedings{franzle_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.125,
  author =	{Fr\"{a}nzle, Martin and Shirmohammadi, Mahsa and Swaminathan, Mani and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Costs and Rewards in Priced Timed Automata}},
  booktitle =	{45th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2018)},
  pages =	{125:1--125:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-076-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2018},
  volume =	{107},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Kaklamanis, Christos and Marx, D\'{a}niel and Sannella, Donald},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.125},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-91297},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2018.125},
  annote =	{Keywords: Priced Timed Automata, Pareto Domination, Diophantine Equations}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2017.19
Probabilistic Automata of Bounded Ambiguity

Authors: Nathanaël Fijalkow, Cristian Riveros, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 85, 28th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2017)

Abstract
Probabilistic automata are a computational model introduced by Michael Rabin, extending nondeterministic finite automata with probabilistic transitions. Despite its simplicity, this model is very expressive and many of the associated algorithmic questions are undecidable. In this work we focus on the emptiness problem, which asks whether a given probabilistic automaton accepts some word with probability higher than a given threshold. We consider a natural and well-studied structural restriction on automata, namely the degree of ambiguity, which is defined as the maximum number of accepting runs over all words. We observe that undecidability of the emptiness problem requires infinite ambiguity and so we focus on the case of finitely ambiguous probabilistic automata. Our main results are to construct efficient algorithms for analysing finitely ambiguous probabilistic automata through a reduction to a multi-objective optimisation problem, called the stochastic path problem. We obtain a polynomial time algorithm for approximating the value of finitely ambiguous probabilistic automata and a quasi-polynomial time algorithm for the emptiness problem for 2-ambiguous probabilistic automata.
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Nathanaël Fijalkow, Cristian Riveros, and James Worrell. Probabilistic Automata of Bounded Ambiguity. In 28th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 85, pp. 19:1-19:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{fijalkow_et_al:LIPIcs.CONCUR.2017.19,
  author =	{Fijalkow, Nathana\"{e}l and Riveros, Cristian and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Probabilistic Automata of Bounded Ambiguity}},
  booktitle =	{28th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2017)},
  pages =	{19:1--19:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-048-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{85},
  editor =	{Meyer, Roland and Nestmann, Uwe},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2017.19},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-77716},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2017.19},
  annote =	{Keywords: Probabilistic Automata, Emptiness Problem, Stochastic Path Problem, Multi-Objective Optimisation Problems}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2017.24
The Polytope-Collision Problem

Authors: Shaull Almagor, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 80, 44th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2017)

Abstract
The Orbit Problem consists of determining, given a matrix A in R^dxd and vectors x,y in R^d, whether there exists n in N such that A^n=y. This problem was shown to be decidable in a seminal work of Kannan and Lipton in the 1980s. Subsequently, Kannan and Lipton noted that the Orbit Problem becomes considerably harder when the target y is replaced with a subspace of R^d. Recently, it was shown that the problem is decidable for vector-space targets of dimension at most three, followed by another development showing that the problem is in PSPACE for polytope targets of dimension at most three. In this work, we take a dual look at the problem, and consider the case where the initial vector x is replaced with a polytope P_1, and the target is a polytope P_2. Then, the question is whether there exists n in N such that A^n P_1 intersection P_2 does not equal the empty set. We show that the problem can be decided in PSPACE for dimension at most three. As in previous works, decidability in the case of higher dimensions is left open, as the problem is known to be hard for long-standing number-theoretic open problems. Our proof begins by formulating the problem as the satisfiability of a parametrized family of sentences in the existential first-order theory of real-closed fields. Then, after removing quantifiers, we are left with instances of simultaneous positivity of sums of exponentials. Using techniques from transcendental number theory, and separation bounds on algebraic numbers, we are able to solve such instances in PSPACE.
Cite as

Shaull Almagor, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. The Polytope-Collision Problem. In 44th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 80, pp. 24:1-24:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{almagor_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2017.24,
  author =	{Almagor, Shaull and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{The Polytope-Collision Problem}},
  booktitle =	{44th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2017)},
  pages =	{24:1--24:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-041-5},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{80},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Indyk, Piotr and Kuhn, Fabian and Muscholl, Anca},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2017.24},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-74521},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2017.24},
  annote =	{Keywords: linear dynamical systems, orbit problem, algebraic algorithms}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2017.29
Semialgebraic Invariant Synthesis for the Kannan-Lipton Orbit Problem

Authors: Nathanaël Fijalkow, Pierre Ohlmann, Joël Ouaknine, Amaury Pouly, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 66, 34th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2017)

Abstract
The Orbit Problem consists of determining, given a linear transformation A on d-dimensional rationals Q^d, together with vectors x and y, whether the orbit of x under repeated applications of A can ever reach y. This problem was famously shown to be decidable by Kannan and Lipton in the 1980s. In this paper, we are concerned with the problem of synthesising suitable invariants P which are subsets of R^d, i.e., sets that are stable under A and contain x and not y, thereby providing compact and versatile certificates of non-reachability. We show that whether a given instance of the Orbit Problem admits a semialgebraic invariant is decidable, and moreover in positive instances we provide an algorithm to synthesise suitable invariants of polynomial size. It is worth noting that the existence of semilinear invariants, on the other hand, is (to the best of our knowledge) not known to be decidable.
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Nathanaël Fijalkow, Pierre Ohlmann, Joël Ouaknine, Amaury Pouly, and James Worrell. Semialgebraic Invariant Synthesis for the Kannan-Lipton Orbit Problem. In 34th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2017). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 66, pp. 29:1-29:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2017)

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@InProceedings{fijalkow_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2017.29,
  author =	{Fijalkow, Nathana\"{e}l and Ohlmann, Pierre and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Pouly, Amaury and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Semialgebraic Invariant Synthesis for the Kannan-Lipton Orbit Problem}},
  booktitle =	{34th Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2017)},
  pages =	{29:1--29:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-028-6},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2017},
  volume =	{66},
  editor =	{Vollmer, Heribert and Vall\'{e}e, Brigitte},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2017.29},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-70059},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2017.29},
  annote =	{Keywords: Verification,algebraic computation,Skolem Problem,Orbit Problem,invariants}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2016.29
Model Checking Flat Freeze LTL on One-Counter Automata

Authors: Antonia Lechner, Richard Mayr, Joël Ouaknine, Amaury Pouly, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 59, 27th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2016)

Abstract
Freeze LTL is a temporal logic with registers that is suitable for specifying properties of data words. In this paper we study the model checking problem for Freeze LTL on one-counter automata. This problem is known to be undecidable in full generality and PSPACE-complete for the special case of deterministic one-counter automata. Several years ago, Demri and Sangnier investigated the model checking problem for the flat fragment of Freeze LTL on several classes of counter automata and posed the decidability of model checking flat Freeze LTL on one-counter automata as an open problem. In this paper we resolve this problem positively, utilising a known reduction to a reachability problem on one-counter automata with parameterised equality and disequality tests. Our main technical contribution is to show decidability of the latter problem by translation to Presburger arithmetic.
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Antonia Lechner, Richard Mayr, Joël Ouaknine, Amaury Pouly, and James Worrell. Model Checking Flat Freeze LTL on One-Counter Automata. In 27th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 59, pp. 29:1-29:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{lechner_et_al:LIPIcs.CONCUR.2016.29,
  author =	{Lechner, Antonia and Mayr, Richard and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Pouly, Amaury and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Model Checking Flat Freeze LTL on One-Counter Automata}},
  booktitle =	{27th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2016)},
  pages =	{29:1--29:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-017-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{59},
  editor =	{Desharnais, Jos\'{e}e and Jagadeesan, Radha},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2016.29},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-61841},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2016.29},
  annote =	{Keywords: one-counter automata, disequality tests, reachability, freeze LTL, Presburger arithmetic}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.100
On the Skolem Problem for Continuous Linear Dynamical Systems

Authors: Ventsislav Chonev, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 55, 43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2016)

Abstract
The Continuous Skolem Problem asks whether a real-valued function satisfying a linear differential equation has a zero in a given interval of real numbers. This is a fundamental reachability problem for continuous linear dynamical systems, such as linear hybrid automata and continuoustime Markov chains. Decidability of the problem is currently open — indeed decidability is open even for the sub-problem in which a zero is sought in a bounded interval. In this paper we show decidability of the bounded problem subject to Schanuel's Conjecture, a unifying conjecture in transcendental number theory. We furthermore analyse the unbounded problem in terms of the frequencies of the differential equation, that is, the imaginary parts of the characteristic roots. We show that the unbounded problem can be reduced to the bounded problem if there is at most one rationally linearly independent frequency, or if there are two rationally linearly independent frequencies and all characteristic roots are simple. We complete the picture by showing that decidability of the unbounded problem in the case of two (or more) rationally linearly independent frequencies would entail a major new effectiveness result in Diophantine approximation, namely computability of the Diophantine-approximation types of all real algebraic numbers.
Cite as

Ventsislav Chonev, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. On the Skolem Problem for Continuous Linear Dynamical Systems. In 43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 55, pp. 100:1-100:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{chonev_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.100,
  author =	{Chonev, Ventsislav and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{On the Skolem Problem for Continuous Linear Dynamical Systems}},
  booktitle =	{43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2016)},
  pages =	{100:1--100:13},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-013-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{55},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Mitzenmacher, Michael and Rabani, Yuval and Sangiorgi, Davide},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.100},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-62357},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.100},
  annote =	{Keywords: differential equations, reachability, Baker’s Theorem, Schanuel’s Conjecture, semi-algebraic sets}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.103
On Restricted Nonnegative Matrix Factorization

Authors: Dmitry Chistikov, Stefan Kiefer, Ines Marusic, Mahsa Shirmohammadi, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 55, 43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2016)

Abstract
Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) is the problem of decomposing a given nonnegative n*m matrix M into a product of a nonnegative n*d matrix W and a nonnegative d*m matrix H. Restricted NMF requires in addition that the column spaces of M and W coincide. Finding the minimal inner dimension d is known to be NP-hard, both for NMF and restricted NMF. We show that restricted NMF is closely related to a question about the nature of minimal probabilistic automata, posed by Paz in his seminal 1971 textbook. We use this connection to answer Paz's question negatively, thus falsifying a positive answer claimed in 1974. Furthermore, we investigate whether a rational matrix M always has a restricted NMF of minimal inner dimension whose factors W and H are also rational. We show that this holds for matrices M of rank at most 3 and we exhibit a rank-4 matrix for which W and H require irrational entries.
Cite as

Dmitry Chistikov, Stefan Kiefer, Ines Marusic, Mahsa Shirmohammadi, and James Worrell. On Restricted Nonnegative Matrix Factorization. In 43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 55, pp. 103:1-103:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{chistikov_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.103,
  author =	{Chistikov, Dmitry and Kiefer, Stefan and Marusic, Ines and Shirmohammadi, Mahsa and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{On Restricted Nonnegative Matrix Factorization}},
  booktitle =	{43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2016)},
  pages =	{103:1--103:14},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-013-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{55},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Mitzenmacher, Michael and Rabani, Yuval and Sangiorgi, Davide},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.103},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-62389},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.103},
  annote =	{Keywords: nonnegative matrix factorization, nonnegative rank, probabilistic automata, labelled Markov chains, minimization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.104
Proving the Herman-Protocol Conjecture

Authors: Maria Bruna, Radu Grigore, Stefan Kiefer, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 55, 43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2016)

Abstract
Herman's self-stabilization algorithm, introduced 25 years ago, is a well-studied synchronous randomized protocol for enabling a ring of N processes collectively holding any odd number of tokens to reach a stable state in which a single token remains. Determining the worst-case expected time to stabilization is the central outstanding open problem about this protocol. It is known that there is a constant h such that any initial configuration has expected stabilization time at most hN2. Ten years ago, McIver and Morgan established a lower bound of 4/27 ~ 0.148 for h, achieved with three equally-spaced tokens, and conjectured this to be the optimal value of h. A series of papers over the last decade gradually reduced the upper bound on h, with the present record (achieved in 2014) standing at approximately 0.156. In this paper, we prove McIver and Morgan's conjecture and establish that h = 4/27 is indeed optimal.
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Maria Bruna, Radu Grigore, Stefan Kiefer, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. Proving the Herman-Protocol Conjecture. In 43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2016). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 55, pp. 104:1-104:12, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2016)

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@InProceedings{bruna_et_al:LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.104,
  author =	{Bruna, Maria and Grigore, Radu and Kiefer, Stefan and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Proving the Herman-Protocol Conjecture}},
  booktitle =	{43rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming (ICALP 2016)},
  pages =	{104:1--104:12},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-95977-013-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2016},
  volume =	{55},
  editor =	{Chatzigiannakis, Ioannis and Mitzenmacher, Michael and Rabani, Yuval and Sangiorgi, Davide},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.104},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-62393},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.ICALP.2016.104},
  annote =	{Keywords: randomized protocols, self-stabilization, Lyapunov function, expected time}
}
Document
Invited Talk
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2015.5
Reachability Problems for Continuous Linear Dynamical Systems (Invited Talk)

Authors: James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 45, 35th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2015)

Abstract
This talk is about reachability problems for continuous-time linear dynamical systems. A central decision problem in the area is the Continuous Skolem Problem. In particular, this problem lies at the heart of several reachability questions in continuous-time Markov chains and linear hybrid automata. We describe some recent work, done in collaboration with Chonev and Ouaknine, that uses results in transcendence theory and real algebraic geometry to obtain decidability for certain variants of the problem. In particular, we consider a bounded version of the Continuous Skolem Problem, corresponding to time-bounded reachability. We prove decidability of the bounded problem assuming Schanuel's conjecture, a central conjecture in transcendence theory. We also describe some partial decidability results in the unbounded case in the case of functions satisfying differential equations of fixed low order. Finally, we give evidence of significant mathematical obstacles to proving decidability of the Continuous Skolem Problem in full generality by exhibiting some number-theoretic consequences of the existence of a decision procedure for this problem.
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James Worrell. Reachability Problems for Continuous Linear Dynamical Systems (Invited Talk). In 35th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2015). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 45, pp. 5-6, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2015)

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@InProceedings{worrell:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2015.5,
  author =	{Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Reachability Problems for Continuous Linear Dynamical Systems}},
  booktitle =	{35th IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2015)},
  pages =	{5--6},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-97-2},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2015},
  volume =	{45},
  editor =	{Harsha, Prahladh and Ramalingam, G.},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2015.5},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-56410},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2015.5},
  annote =	{Keywords: Linear Differential Equations, Continuous-Time Markov Chains, Hybrid Automata, Schanuel's Conjecture}
}
Document
Invited Paper
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2015.17
Reachability Problems for Continuous Linear Dynamical Systems (Invited Paper)

Authors: James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 42, 26th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2015)

Abstract
It is well understood that the interaction between discrete and continuous dynamics makes hybrid automata difficult to analyse algorithmically. However it is already the case that many natural verification questions concerning only the continuous dynamics of such systems are extremely challenging. This remains so even for linear dynamical systems, such as linear hybrid automata and continuous-time Markov chains, whose evolution is detemined by linear differential equations. For example, one can ask to decide whether it is possible to escape a particular location of a linear hybrid automaton, given initial values of the continuous variables. Likewise one can ask whether a given set of probability distributions is reachable during the evolution of continuous-time Markov chain. This talk focusses on reachability problems for solutions of linear differential equations. A central decision problem in this area is the Continuous Skolem Problem, which asks whether a real-valued function satisfying an ordinary linear differential equation has a zero. This can be seen as a continuous analog of the Skolem Problem for linear recurrence sequences, which asks whether the sequence satisfying a given recurrence has a zero term. For both the discrete and continuous versions of the Skolem Problem, decidability is open. We show that the Continuous Skolem Problem lies at the heart of many natural verification questions on linear dynamical systems. We describe some recent work, done in collaboration with Chonev and Ouaknine, that uses results in transcendence theory and real algebraic geometry to obtain decidability for certain variants of the problem. In particular, we consider a bounded version of the Continuous Skolem Problem, corresponding to time-bounded reachability. We prove decidability of the bounded problem assuming Schanuel's conjecture, one of the main conjectures in transcendence theory. We describe some partial decidability results in the unbounded case and discuss mathematical obstacles to proving decidability of the Continuous Skolem Problem in full generality.
Cite as

James Worrell. Reachability Problems for Continuous Linear Dynamical Systems (Invited Paper). In 26th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2015). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 42, p. 17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2015)

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@InProceedings{worrell:LIPIcs.CONCUR.2015.17,
  author =	{Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Reachability Problems for Continuous Linear Dynamical Systems}},
  booktitle =	{26th International Conference on Concurrency Theory (CONCUR 2015)},
  pages =	{17--17},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-91-0},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2015},
  volume =	{42},
  editor =	{Aceto, Luca and de Frutos Escrig, David},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2015.17},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-53960},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CONCUR.2015.17},
  annote =	{Keywords: Linear differential Equations, Hybrid Automata, Schanuel's Conjecture}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2015.329
On Matrix Powering in Low Dimensions

Authors: Esther Galby, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 30, 32nd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2015)

Abstract
We investigate the Matrix Powering Positivity Problem, PosMatPow: given an m X m square integer matrix M, a linear function f: Z^{m X m} -> Z with integer coefficients, and a positive integer n (encoded in binary), determine whether f(M^n) \geq 0. We show that for fixed dimensions m of 2 and 3, this problem is decidable in polynomial time.
Cite as

Esther Galby, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. On Matrix Powering in Low Dimensions. In 32nd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2015). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 30, pp. 329-340, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2015)

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@InProceedings{galby_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2015.329,
  author =	{Galby, Esther and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{On Matrix Powering in Low Dimensions}},
  booktitle =	{32nd International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS 2015)},
  pages =	{329--340},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-78-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2015},
  volume =	{30},
  editor =	{Mayr, Ernst W. and Ollinger, Nicolas},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2015.329},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-49240},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2015.329},
  annote =	{Keywords: matrix powering, complexity, Baker's theorem}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2012.448
Bisimilarity of Probabilistic Pushdown Automata

Authors: Vojtech Forejt, Petr Jancar, Stefan Kiefer, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 18, IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2012)

Abstract
We study the bisimilarity problem for probabilistic pushdown automata (pPDA) and subclasses thereof. Our definition of pPDA allows both probabilistic and non-deterministic branching, generalising the classical notion of pushdown automata (without epsilon-transitions). Our first contribution is a general construction that reduces checking bisimilarity of probabilistic transition systems to checking bisimilarity of non-deterministic transition systems. This construction directly yields decidability of bisimilarity for pPDA, as well as an elementary upper bound for the bisimilarity problem on the subclass of probabilistic basic process algebras, i.e., single-state pPDA. We further show that, with careful analysis, the general reduction can be used to prove an EXPTIME upper bound for bisimilarity of probabilistic visibly pushdown automata. Here we also provide a matching lower bound, establishing EXPTIME-completeness. Finally we prove that deciding bisimilarity of probabilistic one-counter automata, another subclass of pPDA, is PSPACE-complete. Here we use a more specialised argument to obtain optimal complexity bounds.
Cite as

Vojtech Forejt, Petr Jancar, Stefan Kiefer, and James Worrell. Bisimilarity of Probabilistic Pushdown Automata. In IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2012). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 18, pp. 448-460, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2012)

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@InProceedings{forejt_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2012.448,
  author =	{Forejt, Vojtech and Jancar, Petr and Kiefer, Stefan and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Bisimilarity of Probabilistic Pushdown Automata}},
  booktitle =	{IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2012)},
  pages =	{448--460},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-47-7},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2012},
  volume =	{18},
  editor =	{D'Souza, Deepak and Radhakrishnan, Jaikumar and Telikepalli, Kavitha},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2012.448},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-38800},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2012.448},
  annote =	{Keywords: bisimilarity, probabilistic systems, pushdown automata}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2011.307
The Church Synthesis Problem with Metric

Authors: Mark Jenkins, Joël Ouaknine, Alexander Rabinovich, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 12, Computer Science Logic (CSL'11) - 25th International Workshop/20th Annual Conference of the EACSL (2011)

Abstract
Church's Problem asks for the construction of a procedure which, given a logical specification S(I,O) between input strings I and output strings O, determines whether there exists an operator F that implements the specification in the sense that S(I,F(I)) holds for all inputs I. Buechi and Landweber gave a procedure to solve Church's problem for MSO specifications and operators computable by finite-state automata. We consider extensions of Church's problem in two orthogonal directions: (i) we address the problem in a more general logical setting, where not only the specifications but also the solutions are presented in a logical system; (ii) we consider not only the canonical discrete time domain of the natural numbers, but also the continuous domain of reals. We show that for every fixed bounded length interval of the reals, Church's problem is decidable when specifications and implementations are described in the monadic second-order logics over the reals with order and the +1 function.
Cite as

Mark Jenkins, Joël Ouaknine, Alexander Rabinovich, and James Worrell. The Church Synthesis Problem with Metric. In Computer Science Logic (CSL'11) - 25th International Workshop/20th Annual Conference of the EACSL. Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 12, pp. 307-321, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2011)

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@InProceedings{jenkins_et_al:LIPIcs.CSL.2011.307,
  author =	{Jenkins, Mark and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Rabinovich, Alexander and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{The Church Synthesis Problem with Metric}},
  booktitle =	{Computer Science Logic (CSL'11) - 25th International Workshop/20th Annual Conference of the EACSL},
  pages =	{307--321},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-32-3},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2011},
  volume =	{12},
  editor =	{Bezem, Marc},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2011.307},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-32390},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.CSL.2011.307},
  annote =	{Keywords: Church's Problem, monadic logic, games, uniformization}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2010.308
Computing Rational Radical Sums in Uniform TC^0

Authors: Paul Hunter, Patricia Bouyer, Nicolas Markey, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 8, IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2010)

Abstract
A fundamental problem in numerical computation and computational geometry is to determine the sign of arithmetic expressions in radicals. Here we consider the simpler problem of deciding whether $\sum_{i=1}^m C_i A_i^{X_i}$ is zero for given rational numbers $A_i$, $C_i$, $X_i$. It has been known for almost twenty years that this can be decided in polynomial time. In this paper we improve this result by showing membership in uniform TC0. This requires several significant departures from Blömer's polynomial-time algorithm as the latter crucially relies on primitives, such as gcd computation and binary search, that are not known to be in TC0.
Cite as

Paul Hunter, Patricia Bouyer, Nicolas Markey, Joël Ouaknine, and James Worrell. Computing Rational Radical Sums in Uniform TC^0. In IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2010). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 8, pp. 308-316, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2010)

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@InProceedings{hunter_et_al:LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2010.308,
  author =	{Hunter, Paul and Bouyer, Patricia and Markey, Nicolas and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{Computing Rational Radical Sums in Uniform TC^0}},
  booktitle =	{IARCS Annual Conference on Foundations of Software Technology and Theoretical Computer Science (FSTTCS 2010)},
  pages =	{308--316},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-23-1},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2010},
  volume =	{8},
  editor =	{Lodaya, Kamal and Mahajan, Meena},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2010.308},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-28739},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2010.308},
  annote =	{Keywords: Sum of square roots, Threshold circuits, Complexity}
}
Document
DOI: 10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2008.1339
On Termination for Faulty Channel Machines

Authors: Patricia Bouyer, Nicolas Markey, Joël Ouaknine, Philippe Schnoebelen, and James Worrell

Published in: LIPIcs, Volume 1, 25th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (2008)

Abstract
A channel machine consists of a finite controller together with several fifo channels; the controller can read messages from the head of a channel and write messages to the tail of a channel. In this paper, we focus on channel machines with insertion errors, i.e., machines in whose channels messages can spontaneously appear. Such devices have been previously introduced in the study of Metric Temporal Logic. We consider the termination problem: are all the computations of a given insertion channel machine finite? We show that this problem has non-elementary, yet primitive recursive complexity.
Cite as

Patricia Bouyer, Nicolas Markey, Joël Ouaknine, Philippe Schnoebelen, and James Worrell. On Termination for Faulty Channel Machines. In 25th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science. Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 1, pp. 121-132, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2008)

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@InProceedings{bouyer_et_al:LIPIcs.STACS.2008.1339,
  author =	{Bouyer, Patricia and Markey, Nicolas and Ouaknine, Jo\"{e}l and Schnoebelen, Philippe and Worrell, James},
  title =	{{On Termination for Faulty Channel Machines}},
  booktitle =	{25th International Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science},
  pages =	{121--132},
  series =	{Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
  ISBN =	{978-3-939897-06-4},
  ISSN =	{1868-8969},
  year =	{2008},
  volume =	{1},
  editor =	{Albers, Susanne and Weil, Pascal},
  publisher =	{Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
  address =	{Dagstuhl, Germany},
  URL =		{https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2008.1339},
  URN =		{urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-13390},
  doi =		{10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2008.1339},
  annote =	{Keywords: Automated Verification, Computational Complexity}
}
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