Volume
LIPIcs, Volume 112
26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)
-
Part of:
Series:
Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)
Conference: European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA)
Event
ESA 2018, August 20-22, 2018, Helsinki, FinlandEditors
Publication Details
- published at: 2018-08-14
- Publisher: Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik
- ISBN: 978-3-95977-081-1
- DBLP: db/conf/esa/esa2018
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Document
Complete Volume
LIPIcs, Volume 112, ESA'18, Complete Volume
Abstract
LIPIcs, Volume 112, ESA'18, Complete Volume
Cite as
26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@Proceedings{azar_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018,
title = {{LIPIcs, Volume 112, ESA'18, Complete Volume}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-97239},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018},
annote = {Keywords: Computer systems organization, Single instruction, multiple data, Computing methodologies, Graphics processors, Robotic planning, Hardware}
}
Document
Front Matter
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization
Abstract
Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization
Cite as
26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 0:i-0:xx, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{azar_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.0,
author = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
title = {{Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {0:i--0:xx},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.0},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94631},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.0},
annote = {Keywords: Front Matter, Table of Contents, Preface, Conference Organization}
}
Document
Algorithms for Inverse Optimization Problems
Abstract
We study inverse optimization problems, wherein the goal is to map given solutions to an underlying optimization problem to a cost vector for which the given solutions are the (unique) optimal solutions. Inverse optimization problems find diverse applications and have been widely studied. A prominent problem in this field is the inverse shortest path (ISP) problem [D. Burton and Ph.L. Toint, 1992; W. Ben-Ameur and E. Gourdin, 2004; A. Bley, 2007], which finds applications in shortest-path routing protocols used in telecommunications. Here we seek a cost vector that is positive, integral, induces a set of given paths as the unique shortest paths, and has minimum l_infty norm. Despite being extensively studied, very few algorithmic results are known for inverse optimization problems involving integrality constraints on the desired cost vector whose norm has to be minimized.
Motivated by ISP, we initiate a systematic study of such integral inverse optimization problems from the perspective of designing polynomial time approximation algorithms. For ISP, our main result is an additive 1-approximation algorithm for multicommodity ISP with node-disjoint commodities, which we show is tight assuming P!=NP. We then consider the integral-cost inverse versions of various other fundamental combinatorial optimization problems, including min-cost flow, max/min-cost bipartite matching, and max/min-cost basis in a matroid, and obtain tight or nearly-tight approximation guarantees for these. Our guarantees for the first two problems are based on results for a broad generalization, namely integral inverse polyhedral optimization, for which we also give approximation guarantees. Our techniques also give similar results for variants, including l_p-norm minimization of the integral cost vector, and distance-minimization from an initial cost vector.
Cite as
Sara Ahmadian, Umang Bhaskar, Laura Sanità, and Chaitanya Swamy. Algorithms for Inverse Optimization Problems. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 1:1-1:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{ahmadian_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.1,
author = {Ahmadian, Sara and Bhaskar, Umang and Sanit\`{a}, Laura and Swamy, Chaitanya},
title = {{Algorithms for Inverse Optimization Problems}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {1:1--1:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.1},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94646},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.1},
annote = {Keywords: Inverse optimization, Shortest paths, Approximation algorithms, Linear programming, Polyhedral theory, Combinatorial optimization}
}
Document
Two-Dimensional Maximal Repetitions
Abstract
Maximal repetitions or runs in strings have a wide array of applications and thus have been extensively studied. In this paper, we extend this notion to 2-dimensions, precisely defining a maximal 2D repetition. We provide initial bounds on the number of maximal 2D repetitions that can occur in a matrix. The main contribution of this paper is the presentation of the first algorithm for locating all maximal 2D repetitions in a matrix. The algorithm is efficient and straightforward, with runtime O(n^2 log n log log n+ rho log n), where n^2 is the size of the input, and rho is the number of 2D repetitions in the output.
Cite as
Amihood Amir, Gad M. Landau, Shoshana Marcus, and Dina Sokol. Two-Dimensional Maximal Repetitions. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 2:1-2:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{amir_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.2,
author = {Amir, Amihood and Landau, Gad M. and Marcus, Shoshana and Sokol, Dina},
title = {{Two-Dimensional Maximal Repetitions}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {2:1--2:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.2},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94652},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.2},
annote = {Keywords: pattern matching algorithms, repetitions, periodicity, two-dimensional}
}
Document
Approximate Convex Intersection Detection with Applications to Width and Minkowski Sums
Abstract
Approximation problems involving a single convex body in R^d have received a great deal of attention in the computational geometry community. In contrast, works involving multiple convex bodies are generally limited to dimensions d <= 3 and/or do not consider approximation. In this paper, we consider approximations to two natural problems involving multiple convex bodies: detecting whether two polytopes intersect and computing their Minkowski sum. Given an approximation parameter epsilon > 0, we show how to independently preprocess two polytopes A,B subset R^d into data structures of size O(1/epsilon^{(d-1)/2}) such that we can answer in polylogarithmic time whether A and B intersect approximately. More generally, we can answer this for the images of A and B under affine transformations. Next, we show how to epsilon-approximate the Minkowski sum of two given polytopes defined as the intersection of n halfspaces in O(n log(1/epsilon) + 1/epsilon^{(d-1)/2 + alpha}) time, for any constant alpha > 0. Finally, we present a surprising impact of these results to a well studied problem that considers a single convex body. We show how to epsilon-approximate the width of a set of n points in O(n log(1/epsilon) + 1/epsilon^{(d-1)/2 + alpha}) time, for any constant alpha > 0, a major improvement over the previous bound of roughly O(n + 1/epsilon^{d-1}) time.
Cite as
Sunil Arya, Guilherme D. da Fonseca, and David M. Mount. Approximate Convex Intersection Detection with Applications to Width and Minkowski Sums. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 3:1-3:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{arya_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.3,
author = {Arya, Sunil and da Fonseca, Guilherme D. and Mount, David M.},
title = {{Approximate Convex Intersection Detection with Applications to Width and Minkowski Sums}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {3:1--3:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.3},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94664},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.3},
annote = {Keywords: Minkowski sum, convex intersection, width, approximation}
}
Document
On the Worst-Case Complexity of TimSort
Abstract
TimSort is an intriguing sorting algorithm designed in 2002 for Python, whose worst-case complexity was announced, but not proved until our recent preprint. In fact, there are two slightly different versions of TimSort that are currently implemented in Python and in Java respectively. We propose a pedagogical and insightful proof that the Python version runs in O(n log n). The approach we use in the analysis also applies to the Java version, although not without very involved technical details. As a byproduct of our study, we uncover a bug in the Java implementation that can cause the sorting method to fail during the execution. We also give a proof that Python's TimSort running time is in O(n + n log rho), where rho is the number of runs (i.e. maximal monotonic sequences), which is quite a natural parameter here and part of the explanation for the good behavior of TimSort on partially sorted inputs.
Cite as
Nicolas Auger, Vincent Jugé, Cyril Nicaud, and Carine Pivoteau. On the Worst-Case Complexity of TimSort. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 4:1-4:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{auger_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.4,
author = {Auger, Nicolas and Jug\'{e}, Vincent and Nicaud, Cyril and Pivoteau, Carine},
title = {{On the Worst-Case Complexity of TimSort}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {4:1--4:13},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.4},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94678},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.4},
annote = {Keywords: Sorting algorithms, Merge sorting algorithms, TimSort, Analysis of algorithms}
}
Document
A New and Improved Algorithm for Online Bin Packing
Abstract
We revisit the classic online bin packing problem studied in the half-century. In this problem, items of positive sizes no larger than 1 are presented one by one to be packed into subsets called bins of total sizes no larger than 1, such that every item is assigned to a bin before the next item is presented. We use online partitioning of items into classes based on sizes, as in previous work, but we also apply a new method where items of one class can be packed into more than two types of bins, where a bin type is defined according to the number of such items grouped together. Additionally, we allow the smallest class of items to be packed in multiple kinds of bins, and not only into their own bins. We combine this with the approach of packing of sufficiently big items according to their exact sizes. Finally, we simplify the analysis of such algorithms, allowing the analysis to be based on the most standard weight functions. This simplified analysis allows us to study the algorithm which we defined based on all these ideas. This leads us to the design and analysis of the first algorithm of asymptotic competitive ratio strictly below 1.58, specifically, we break this barrier by providing an algorithm AH (Advanced Harmonic) whose asymptotic competitive ratio does not exceed 1.57829.
Our main contribution is the introduction of the simple analysis based on weight function to analyze the state of the art online algorithms for the classic online bin packing problem. The previously used analytic tool named weight system was too complicated for the community in this area to adjust it for other problems and other algorithmic tools that are needed in order to improve the current best algorithms. We show that the weight system based analysis is not needed for the analysis of the current algorithms for the classic online bin packing problem. The importance of a simple analysis is demonstrated by analyzing several new features together with all existing techniques, and by proving a better competitive ratio than the previously best one.
Cite as
János Balogh, József Békési, György Dósa, Leah Epstein, and Asaf Levin. A New and Improved Algorithm for Online Bin Packing. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 5:1-5:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{balogh_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.5,
author = {Balogh, J\'{a}nos and B\'{e}k\'{e}si, J\'{o}zsef and D\'{o}sa, Gy\"{o}rgy and Epstein, Leah and Levin, Asaf},
title = {{A New and Improved Algorithm for Online Bin Packing}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {5:1--5:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.5},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94686},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.5},
annote = {Keywords: Bin packing, online algorithms, competitive analysis}
}
Document
Practical Access to Dynamic Programming on Tree Decompositions
Abstract
Parameterized complexity theory has lead to a wide range of algorithmic breakthroughs within the last decades, but the practicability of these methods for real-world problems is still not well understood. We investigate the practicability of one of the fundamental approaches of this field: dynamic programming on tree decompositions. Indisputably, this is a key technique in parameterized algorithms and modern algorithm design. Despite the enormous impact of this approach in theory, it still has very little influence on practical implementations. The reasons for this phenomenon are manifold. One of them is the simple fact that such an implementation requires a long chain of non-trivial tasks (as computing the decomposition, preparing it,...). We provide an easy way to implement such dynamic programs that only requires the definition of the update rules. With this interface, dynamic programs for various problems, such as 3-coloring, can be implemented easily in about 100 lines of structured Java code.
The theoretical foundation of the success of dynamic programming on tree decompositions is well understood due to Courcelle's celebrated theorem, which states that every MSO-definable problem can be efficiently solved if a tree decomposition of small width is given. We seek to provide practical access to this theorem as well, by presenting a lightweight model-checker for a small fragment of MSO. This fragment is powerful enough to describe many natural problems, and our model-checker turns out to be very competitive against similar state-of-the-art tools.
Cite as
Max Bannach and Sebastian Berndt. Practical Access to Dynamic Programming on Tree Decompositions. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 6:1-6:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{bannach_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.6,
author = {Bannach, Max and Berndt, Sebastian},
title = {{Practical Access to Dynamic Programming on Tree Decompositions}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {6:1--6:13},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.6},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94692},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.6},
annote = {Keywords: fixed-parameter tractability, treewidth, model-checking}
}
Document
Average Whenever You Meet: Opportunistic Protocols for Community Detection
Abstract
Consider the following asynchronous, opportunistic communication model over a graph G: in each round, one edge is activated uniformly and independently at random and (only) its two endpoints can exchange messages and perform local computations. Under this model, we study the following random process: The first time a vertex is an endpoint of an active edge, it chooses a random number, say +/- 1 with probability 1/2; then, in each round, the two endpoints of the currently active edge update their values to their average.
We provide a rigorous analysis of the above process showing that, if G exhibits a two-community structure (for example, two expanders connected by a sparse cut), the values held by the nodes will collectively reflect the underlying community structure over a suitable phase of the above process. Our analysis requires new concentration bounds on the product of certain random matrices that are technically challenging and possibly of independent interest.
We then exploit our analysis to design the first opportunistic protocols that approximately recover community structure using only logarithmic (or polylogarithmic, depending on the sparsity of the cut) work per node.
Cite as
Luca Becchetti, Andrea Clementi, Pasin Manurangsi, Emanuele Natale, Francesco Pasquale, Prasad Raghavendra, and Luca Trevisan. Average Whenever You Meet: Opportunistic Protocols for Community Detection. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 7:1-7:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{becchetti_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.7,
author = {Becchetti, Luca and Clementi, Andrea and Manurangsi, Pasin and Natale, Emanuele and Pasquale, Francesco and Raghavendra, Prasad and Trevisan, Luca},
title = {{Average Whenever You Meet: Opportunistic Protocols for Community Detection}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {7:1--7:13},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.7},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94705},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.7},
annote = {Keywords: Community Detection, Random Processes, Spectral Analysis}
}
Document
Polynomial-Time Approximation Schemes for k-center, k-median, and Capacitated Vehicle Routing in Bounded Highway Dimension
Abstract
The concept of bounded highway dimension was developed to capture observed properties of road networks. We show that a graph of bounded highway dimension with a distinguished root vertex can be embedded into a graph of bounded treewidth in such a way that u-to-v distance is preserved up to an additive error of epsilon times the u-to-root plus v-to-root distances. We show that this embedding yields a PTAS for Bounded-Capacity Vehicle Routing in graphs of bounded highway dimension. In this problem, the input specifies a depot and a set of clients, each with a location and demand; the output is a set of depot-to-depot tours, where each client is visited by some tour and each tour covers at most Q units of client demand. Our PTAS can be extended to handle penalties for unvisited clients.
We extend this embedding result to handle a set S of root vertices. This result implies a PTAS for Multiple Depot Bounded-Capacity Vehicle Routing: the tours can go from one depot to another. The embedding result also implies that, for fixed k, there is a PTAS for k-Center in graphs of bounded highway dimension. In this problem, the goal is to minimize d so that there exist k vertices (the centers) such that every vertex is within distance d of some center. Similarly, for fixed k, there is a PTAS for k-Median in graphs of bounded highway dimension. In this problem, the goal is to minimize the sum of distances to the k centers.
Cite as
Amariah Becker, Philip N. Klein, and David Saulpic. Polynomial-Time Approximation Schemes for k-center, k-median, and Capacitated Vehicle Routing in Bounded Highway Dimension. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 8:1-8:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{becker_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.8,
author = {Becker, Amariah and Klein, Philip N. and Saulpic, David},
title = {{Polynomial-Time Approximation Schemes for k-center, k-median, and Capacitated Vehicle Routing in Bounded Highway Dimension}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {8:1--8:15},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.8},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94710},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.8},
annote = {Keywords: Highway Dimension, Capacitated Vehicle Routing, Graph Embeddings}
}
Document
Fine-grained Lower Bounds on Cops and Robbers
Abstract
Cops and Robbers is a classic pursuit-evasion game played between a group of g cops and one robber on an undirected N-vertex graph G. We prove that the complexity of deciding the winner in the game under optimal play requires Omega (N^{g-o(1)}) time on instances with O(N log^2 N) edges, conditioned on the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis. Moreover, the problem of calculating the minimum number of cops needed to win the game is 2^{Omega (sqrt{N})}, conditioned on the weaker Exponential Time Hypothesis. Our conditional lower bound comes very close to a conditional upper bound: if Meyniel's conjecture holds then the cop number can be decided in 2^{O(sqrt{N}log N)} time.
In recent years, the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis has been used to obtain many lower bounds on classic combinatorial problems, such as graph diameter, LCS, EDIT-DISTANCE, and REGEXP matching. To our knowledge, these are the first conditional (S)ETH-hard lower bounds on a strategic game.
Cite as
Sebastian Brandt, Seth Pettie, and Jara Uitto. Fine-grained Lower Bounds on Cops and Robbers. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 9:1-9:12, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{brandt_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.9,
author = {Brandt, Sebastian and Pettie, Seth and Uitto, Jara},
title = {{Fine-grained Lower Bounds on Cops and Robbers}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {9:1--9:12},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.9},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94725},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.9},
annote = {Keywords: Cops and Robbers}
}
Document
A Polynomial Kernel for Diamond-Free Editing
Abstract
Given a fixed graph H, the H-free editing problem asks whether we can edit at most k edges to make a graph contain no induced copy of H. We obtain a polynomial kernel for this problem when H is a diamond. The incompressibility dichotomy for H being a 3-connected graph and the classical complexity dichotomy suggest that except for H being a complete/empty graph, H-free editing problems admit polynomial kernels only for a few small graphs H. Therefore, we believe that our result is an essential step toward a complete dichotomy on the compressibility of H-free editing. Additionally, we give a cubic-vertex kernel for the diamond-free edge deletion problem, which is far simpler than the previous kernel of the same size for the problem.
Cite as
Yixin Cao, Ashutosh Rai, R. B. Sandeep, and Junjie Ye. A Polynomial Kernel for Diamond-Free Editing. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 10:1-10:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{cao_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.10,
author = {Cao, Yixin and Rai, Ashutosh and Sandeep, R. B. and Ye, Junjie},
title = {{A Polynomial Kernel for Diamond-Free Editing}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {10:1--10:13},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.10},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94732},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.10},
annote = {Keywords: Kernelization, Diamond-free, H-free editing, Graph modification problem}
}
Document
Parallel and I/O-efficient Randomisation of Massive Networks using Global Curveball Trades
Abstract
Graph randomisation is a crucial task in the analysis and synthesis of networks. It is typically implemented as an edge switching process (ESMC) repeatedly swapping the nodes of random edge pairs while maintaining the degrees involved [Mihail and Zegura, 2003]. Curveball is a novel approach that instead considers the whole neighbourhoods of randomly drawn node pairs. Its Markov chain converges to a uniform distribution, and experiments suggest that it requires less steps than the established ESMC [Carstens et al., 2016]. Since trades however are more expensive, we study Curveball's practical runtime by introducing the first efficient Curveball algorithms: the I/O-efficient EM-CB for simple undirected graphs and its internal memory pendant IM-CB. Further, we investigate global trades [Carstens et al., 2016] processing every node in a single super step, and show that undirected global trades converge to a uniform distribution and perform superior in practice. We then discuss EM-GCB and EM-PGCB for global trades and give experimental evidence that EM-PGCB achieves the quality of the state-of-the-art ESMC algorithm EM-ES [M. Hamann et al., 2017] nearly one order of magnitude faster.
Cite as
Corrie Jacobien Carstens, Michael Hamann, Ulrich Meyer, Manuel Penschuck, Hung Tran, and Dorothea Wagner. Parallel and I/O-efficient Randomisation of Massive Networks using Global Curveball Trades. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 11:1-11:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{carstens_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.11,
author = {Carstens, Corrie Jacobien and Hamann, Michael and Meyer, Ulrich and Penschuck, Manuel and Tran, Hung and Wagner, Dorothea},
title = {{Parallel and I/O-efficient Randomisation of Massive Networks using Global Curveball Trades}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {11:1--11:15},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.11},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94745},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.11},
annote = {Keywords: Graph randomisation, Curveball, I/O-efficiency, Parallelism}
}
Document
Space-Optimal Quasi-Gray Codes with Logarithmic Read Complexity
Abstract
A quasi-Gray code of dimension n and length l over an alphabet Sigma is a sequence of distinct words w_1,w_2,...,w_l from Sigma^n such that any two consecutive words differ in at most c coordinates, for some fixed constant c>0. In this paper we are interested in the read and write complexity of quasi-Gray codes in the bit-probe model, where we measure the number of symbols read and written in order to transform any word w_i into its successor w_{i+1}.
We present construction of quasi-Gray codes of dimension n and length 3^n over the ternary alphabet {0,1,2} with worst-case read complexity O(log n) and write complexity 2. This generalizes to arbitrary odd-size alphabets. For the binary alphabet, we present quasi-Gray codes of dimension n and length at least 2^n - 20n with worst-case read complexity 6+log n and write complexity 2. This complements a recent result by Raskin [Raskin '17] who shows that any quasi-Gray code over binary alphabet of length 2^n has read complexity Omega(n).
Our results significantly improve on previously known constructions and for the odd-size alphabets we break the Omega(n) worst-case barrier for space-optimal (non-redundant) quasi-Gray codes with constant number of writes. We obtain our results via a novel application of algebraic tools together with the principles of catalytic computation [Buhrman et al. '14, Ben-Or and Cleve '92, Barrington '89, Coppersmith and Grossman '75].
Cite as
Diptarka Chakraborty, Debarati Das, Michal Koucký, and Nitin Saurabh. Space-Optimal Quasi-Gray Codes with Logarithmic Read Complexity. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 12:1-12:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{chakraborty_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.12,
author = {Chakraborty, Diptarka and Das, Debarati and Kouck\'{y}, Michal and Saurabh, Nitin},
title = {{Space-Optimal Quasi-Gray Codes with Logarithmic Read Complexity}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {12:1--12:15},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.12},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94750},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.12},
annote = {Keywords: Gray code, Space-optimal counter, Decision assignment tree, Cell probe model}
}
Document
A Framework for In-place Graph Algorithms
Abstract
Read-only memory (ROM) model is a classical model of computation to study time-space tradeoffs of algorithms. A classical result on the ROM model is that any algorithm to sort n numbers using O(s) words of extra space requires Omega (n^2/s) comparisons for lg n <= s <= n/lg n and the bound has also been recently matched by an algorithm. However, if we relax the model, we do have sorting algorithms (say Heapsort) that can sort using O(n lg n) comparisons using O(lg n) bits of extra space, even keeping a permutation of the given input sequence at anytime during the algorithm.
We address similar relaxations for graph algorithms. We show that a simple natural relaxation of ROM model allows us to implement fundamental graph search methods like BFS and DFS more space efficiently than in ROM. By simply allowing elements in the adjacency list of a vertex to be permuted, we show that, on an undirected or directed connected graph G having n vertices and m edges, the vertices of G can be output in a DFS or BFS order using O(lg n) bits of extra space and O(n^3 lg n) time. Thus we obtain similar bounds for reachability and shortest path distance (both for undirected and directed graphs). With a little more (but still polynomial) time, we can also output vertices in the lex-DFS order. As reachability in directed graphs (even in DAGs) and shortest path distance (even in undirected graphs) are NL-complete, and lex-DFS is P-complete, our results show that our model is more powerful than ROM if L != P.
En route, we also introduce and develop algorithms for another relaxation of ROM where the adjacency lists of the vertices are circular lists and we can modify only the heads of the lists. Here we first show a linear time DFS implementation using n + O(lg n) bits of extra space. Improving the extra space exponentially to only O(lg n) bits, we also obtain BFS and DFS albeit with a slightly slower running time. Both the models we propose maintain the graph structure throughout the algorithm, only the order of vertices in the adjacency list changes. In sharp contrast, for BFS and DFS, to the best of our knowledge, there are no algorithms in ROM that use even O(n^{1-epsilon}) bits of extra space; in fact, implementing DFS using cn bits for c<1 has been mentioned as an open problem. Furthermore, DFS (BFS, respectively) algorithms using n+o(n) (o(n), respectively) bits of extra use Reingold's [JACM, 2008] or Barnes et al's reachability algorithm [SICOMP, 1998] and hence have high runtime. Our results can be contrasted with the recent result of Buhrman et al. [STOC, 2014] which gives an algorithm for directed st-reachability on catalytic Turing machines using O(lg n) bits with catalytic space O(n^2 lg n) and time O(n^9).
Cite as
Sankardeep Chakraborty, Anish Mukherjee, Venkatesh Raman, and Srinivasa Rao Satti. A Framework for In-place Graph Algorithms. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 13:1-13:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{chakraborty_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.13,
author = {Chakraborty, Sankardeep and Mukherjee, Anish and Raman, Venkatesh and Satti, Srinivasa Rao},
title = {{A Framework for In-place Graph Algorithms}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {13:1--13:16},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.13},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94760},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.13},
annote = {Keywords: DFS, BFS, in-place algorithm, space-efficient graph algorithms, logspace}
}
Document
Self-Assembly of Any Shape with Constant Tile Types using High Temperature
Abstract
Inspired by nature and motivated by a lack of top-down tools for precise nanoscale manufacture, self-assembly is a bottom-up process where simple, unorganized components autonomously combine to form larger more complex structures. Such systems hide rich algorithmic properties - notably, Turing universality - and a self-assembly system can be seen as both the object to be manufactured as well as the machine controlling the manufacturing process. Thus, a benchmark problem in self-assembly is the unique assembly of shapes: to design a set of simple agents which, based on aggregation rules and random movement, self-assemble into a particular shape and nothing else. We use a popular model of self-assembly, the 2-handed or hierarchical tile assembly model, and allow the existence of repulsive forces, which is a well-studied variant. The technique utilizes a finely-tuned temperature (the minimum required affinity required for aggregation of separate complexes).
We show that calibrating the temperature and the strength of the aggregation between the tiles, one can encode the shape to be assembled without increasing the number of distinct tile types. Precisely, we show one tile set for which the following holds: for any finite connected shape S, there exists a setting of binding strengths between tiles and a temperature under which the system uniquely assembles S at some scale factor. Our tile system only uses one repulsive glue type and the system is growth-only (it produces no unstable assemblies). The best previous unique shape assembly results in tile assembly models use O(K(S)/(log K(S))) distinct tile types, where K(S) is the Kolmogorov (descriptional) complexity of the shape S.
Cite as
Cameron Chalk, Austin Luchsinger, Robert Schweller, and Tim Wylie. Self-Assembly of Any Shape with Constant Tile Types using High Temperature. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 14:1-14:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{chalk_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.14,
author = {Chalk, Cameron and Luchsinger, Austin and Schweller, Robert and Wylie, Tim},
title = {{Self-Assembly of Any Shape with Constant Tile Types using High Temperature}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {14:1--14:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.14},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94773},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.14},
annote = {Keywords: self-assembly, molecular computing, tiling, tile, shapes}
}
Document
A Unified PTAS for Prize Collecting TSP and Steiner Tree Problem in Doubling Metrics
Abstract
We present a unified (randomized) polynomial-time approximation scheme (PTAS) for the prize collecting traveling salesman problem (PCTSP) and the prize collecting Steiner tree problem (PCSTP) in doubling metrics. Given a metric space and a penalty function on a subset of points known as terminals, a solution is a subgraph on points in the metric space, whose cost is the weight of its edges plus the penalty due to terminals not covered by the subgraph. Under our unified framework, the solution subgraph needs to be Eulerian for PCTSP, while it needs to be a tree for PCSTP. Before our work, even a QPTAS for the problems in doubling metrics is not known.
Our unified PTAS is based on the previous dynamic programming frameworks proposed in [Talwar STOC 2004] and [Bartal, Gottlieb, Krauthgamer STOC 2012]. However, since it is unknown which part of the optimal cost is due to edge lengths and which part is due to penalties of uncovered terminals, we need to develop new techniques to apply previous divide-and-conquer strategies and sparse instance decompositions.
Cite as
T-H. Hubert Chan, Haotian Jiang, and Shaofeng H.-C. Jiang. A Unified PTAS for Prize Collecting TSP and Steiner Tree Problem in Doubling Metrics. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 15:1-15:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{chan_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.15,
author = {Chan, T-H. Hubert and Jiang, Haotian and Jiang, Shaofeng H.-C.},
title = {{A Unified PTAS for Prize Collecting TSP and Steiner Tree Problem in Doubling Metrics}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {15:1--15:13},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.15},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94781},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.15},
annote = {Keywords: Doubling Dimension, Traveling Salesman Problem, Polynomial Time Approximation Scheme, Steiner Tree Problem, Prize Collecting}
}
Document
Near-Optimal Distance Emulator for Planar Graphs
Abstract
Given a graph G and a set of terminals T, a distance emulator of G is another graph H (not necessarily a subgraph of G) containing T, such that all the pairwise distances in G between vertices of T are preserved in H. An important open question is to find the smallest possible distance emulator.
We prove that, given any subset of k terminals in an n-vertex undirected unweighted planar graph, we can construct in O~(n) time a distance emulator of size O~(min(k^2,sqrt{k * n})). This is optimal up to logarithmic factors. The existence of such distance emulator provides a straightforward framework to solve distance-related problems on planar graphs: Replace the input graph with the distance emulator, and apply whatever algorithm available to the resulting emulator. In particular, our result implies that, on any unweighted undirected planar graph, one can compute all-pairs shortest path distances among k terminals in O~(n) time when k=O(n^{1/3}).
Cite as
Hsien-Chih Chang, Pawel Gawrychowski, Shay Mozes, and Oren Weimann. Near-Optimal Distance Emulator for Planar Graphs. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 16:1-16:17, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{chang_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.16,
author = {Chang, Hsien-Chih and Gawrychowski, Pawel and Mozes, Shay and Weimann, Oren},
title = {{Near-Optimal Distance Emulator for Planar Graphs}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {16:1--16:17},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.16},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94796},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.16},
annote = {Keywords: planar graphs, shortest paths, metric compression, distance preservers, distance emulators, distance oracles}
}
Document
Approximation Schemes for Geometric Coverage Problems
Abstract
In their seminal work, Mustafa and Ray [Nabil H. Mustafa and Saurabh Ray, 2010] showed that a wide class of geometric set cover (SC) problems admit a PTAS via local search - this is one of the most general approaches known for such problems. Their result applies if a naturally defined "exchange graph" for two feasible solutions is planar and is based on subdividing this graph via a planar separator theorem due to Frederickson [Greg N. Frederickson, 1987]. Obtaining similar results for the related maximum coverage problem (MC) seems non-trivial due to the hard cardinality constraint. In fact, while Badanidiyuru, Kleinberg, and Lee [Ashwinkumar Badanidiyuru et al., 2012] have shown (via a different analysis) that local search yields a PTAS for two-dimensional real halfspaces, they only conjectured that the same holds true for dimension three. Interestingly, at this point it was already known that local search provides a PTAS for the corresponding set cover case and this followed directly from the approach of Mustafa and Ray.
In this work we provide a way to address the above-mentioned issue. First, we propose a color-balanced version of the planar separator theorem. The resulting subdivision approximates locally in each part the global distribution of the colors. Second, we show how this roughly balanced subdivision can be employed in a more careful analysis to strictly obey the hard cardinality constraint. More specifically, we obtain a PTAS for any "planarizable" instance of MC and thus essentially for all cases where the corresponding SC instance can be tackled via the approach of Mustafa and Ray. As a corollary, we confirm the conjecture of Badanidiyuru, Kleinberg, and Lee [Ashwinkumar Badanidiyuru et al., 2012] regarding real halfspaces in dimension three. We feel that our ideas could also be helpful in other geometric settings involving a cardinality constraint.
Cite as
Steven Chaplick, Minati De, Alexander Ravsky, and Joachim Spoerhase. Approximation Schemes for Geometric Coverage Problems. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 17:1-17:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{chaplick_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.17,
author = {Chaplick, Steven and De, Minati and Ravsky, Alexander and Spoerhase, Joachim},
title = {{Approximation Schemes for Geometric Coverage Problems}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {17:1--17:15},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.17},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94809},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.17},
annote = {Keywords: balanced separators, maximum coverage, local search, approximation scheme, geometric approximation algorithms}
}
Document
Amortized Analysis of Asynchronous Price Dynamics
Abstract
We extend a recently developed framework for analyzing asynchronous coordinate descent algorithms to show that an asynchronous version of tatonnement, a fundamental price dynamic widely studied in general equilibrium theory, converges toward a market equilibrium for Fisher markets with CES utilities or Leontief utilities, for which tatonnement is equivalent to coordinate descent.
Cite as
Yun Kuen Cheung and Richard Cole. Amortized Analysis of Asynchronous Price Dynamics. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 18:1-18:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{cheung_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.18,
author = {Cheung, Yun Kuen and Cole, Richard},
title = {{Amortized Analysis of Asynchronous Price Dynamics}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {18:1--18:15},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.18},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94812},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.18},
annote = {Keywords: Asynchronous Tatonnement, Fisher Market, Market Equilibrium, Amortized Analysis}
}
Document
Cycles to the Rescue! Novel Constraints to Compute Maximum Planar Subgraphs Fast
Abstract
The NP-hard Maximum Planar Subgraph problem asks for a planar subgraph H of a given graph G such that H has maximum edge cardinality. For more than two decades, the only known non-trivial exact algorithm was based on integer linear programming and Kuratowski's famous planarity criterion. We build upon this approach and present new constraint classes - together with a lifting of the polyhedron - to obtain provably stronger LP-relaxations, and in turn faster algorithms in practice. The new constraints take Euler's polyhedron formula as a starting point and combine it with considering cycles in G. This paper discusses both the theoretical as well as the practical sides of this strengthening.
Cite as
Markus Chimani and Tilo Wiedera. Cycles to the Rescue! Novel Constraints to Compute Maximum Planar Subgraphs Fast. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 19:1-19:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{chimani_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.19,
author = {Chimani, Markus and Wiedera, Tilo},
title = {{Cycles to the Rescue! Novel Constraints to Compute Maximum Planar Subgraphs Fast}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {19:1--19:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.19},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94829},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.19},
annote = {Keywords: algorithm engineering, graph algorithms, integer linear programming, maximum planar subgraph}
}
Document
Parameterized Approximation Algorithms for Bidirected Steiner Network Problems
Abstract
The Directed Steiner Network (DSN) problem takes as input a directed edge-weighted graph G=(V,E) and a set {D}subseteq V x V of k demand pairs. The aim is to compute the cheapest network N subseteq G for which there is an s -> t path for each (s,t)in {D}. It is known that this problem is notoriously hard as there is no k^{1/4-o(1)}-approximation algorithm under Gap-ETH, even when parameterizing the runtime by k [Dinur & Manurangsi, ITCS 2018]. In light of this, we systematically study several special cases of DSN and determine their parameterized approximability for the parameter k.
For the bi-DSN_Planar problem, the aim is to compute a planar optimum solution N subseteq G in a bidirected graph G, i.e. for every edge uv of G the reverse edge vu exists and has the same weight. This problem is a generalization of several well-studied special cases. Our main result is that this problem admits a parameterized approximation scheme (PAS) for k. We also prove that our result is tight in the sense that (a) the runtime of our PAS cannot be significantly improved, and (b) it is unlikely that a PAS exists for any generalization of bi-DSN_Planar, unless FPT=W[1]. Additionally we study several generalizations of bi-DSN_Planar and obtain upper and lower bounds on obtainable runtimes parameterized by k.
One important special case of DSN is the Strongly Connected Steiner Subgraph (SCSS) problem, for which the solution network N subseteq G needs to strongly connect a given set of k terminals. It has been observed before that for SCSS a parameterized 2-approximation exists when parameterized by k [Chitnis et al., IPEC 2013]. We show a tight inapproximability result: under Gap-ETH there is no (2-{epsilon})-approximation algorithm parameterized by k (for any epsilon>0). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a W[1]-hard problem admitting a non-trivial parameterized approximation factor which is also known to be tight! Additionally we show that when restricting the input of SCSS to bidirected graphs, the problem remains NP-hard but becomes FPT for k.
Cite as
Rajesh Chitnis, Andreas Emil Feldmann, and Pasin Manurangsi. Parameterized Approximation Algorithms for Bidirected Steiner Network Problems. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 20:1-20:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{chitnis_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.20,
author = {Chitnis, Rajesh and Feldmann, Andreas Emil and Manurangsi, Pasin},
title = {{Parameterized Approximation Algorithms for Bidirected Steiner Network Problems}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {20:1--20:16},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.20},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94833},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.20},
annote = {Keywords: Directed Steiner Network, Strongly Connected Steiner Subgraph, Parameterized Approximations, Bidirected Graphs, Planar Graphs}
}
Document
Online Facility Location with Deletions
Abstract
In this paper we study three previously unstudied variants of the online Facility Location problem, considering an intrinsic scenario when the clients and facilities are not only allowed to arrive to the system, but they can also depart at any moment.
We begin with the study of a natural fully-dynamic online uncapacitated model where clients can be both added and removed. When a client arrives, then it has to be assigned either to an existing facility or to a new facility opened at the client's location. However, when a client who has been also one of the open facilities is to be removed, then our model has to allow to reconnect all clients that have been connected to that removed facility. In this model, we present an optimal O(log(n_{act}) / log log(n_{act}))-competitive algorithm, where n_{act} is the number of active clients at the end of the input sequence.
Next, we turn our attention to the capacitated Facility Location problem. We first note that if no deletions are allowed, then one can achieve an optimal competitive ratio of O(log(n) / log(log n)), where n is the length of the sequence. However, when deletions are allowed, the capacitated version of the problem is significantly more challenging than the uncapacitated one. We show that still, using a more sophisticated algorithmic approach, one can obtain an online O(log N + log c log n)-competitive algorithm for the capacitated Facility Location problem in the fully dynamic model, where N is number of points in the input metric and c is the capacity of any open facility.
Cite as
Marek Cygan, Artur Czumaj, Marcin Mucha, and Piotr Sankowski. Online Facility Location with Deletions. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 21:1-21:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{cygan_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.21,
author = {Cygan, Marek and Czumaj, Artur and Mucha, Marcin and Sankowski, Piotr},
title = {{Online Facility Location with Deletions}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {21:1--21:15},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.21},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94843},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.21},
annote = {Keywords: online algorithms, facility location, fully-dynamic online algorithms}
}
Document
Improved Routing on the Delaunay Triangulation
Abstract
A geometric graph G=(P,E) is a set of points in the plane and edges between pairs of points, where the weight of an edge is equal to the Euclidean distance between its two endpoints. In local routing we find a path through G from a source vertex s to a destination vertex t, using only knowledge of the current vertex, its incident edges, and the locations of s and t. We present an algorithm for local routing on the Delaunay triangulation, and show that it finds a path between a source vertex s and a target vertex t that is not longer than 3.56|st|, improving the previous bound of 5.9|st|.
Cite as
Nicolas Bonichon, Prosenjit Bose, Jean-Lou De Carufel, Vincent Despré, Darryl Hill, and Michiel Smid. Improved Routing on the Delaunay Triangulation. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 22:1-22:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{bonichon_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.22,
author = {Bonichon, Nicolas and Bose, Prosenjit and De Carufel, Jean-Lou and Despr\'{e}, Vincent and Hill, Darryl and Smid, Michiel},
title = {{Improved Routing on the Delaunay Triangulation}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {22:1--22:13},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.22},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94857},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.22},
annote = {Keywords: Delaunay, local routing, geometric, graph}
}
Document
On Geometric Prototype and Applications
Abstract
In this paper, we propose to study a new geometric optimization problem called the "geometric prototype" in Euclidean space. Given a set of patterns, where each pattern is represented by a (weighted or unweighted) point set, the geometric prototype can be viewed as the "average pattern" minimizing the total matching cost to them. As a general model, the problem finds many applications in real-world, such as Wasserstein barycenter and ensemble clustering. The dimensionality could be either constant or high, depending on the applications. To our best knowledge, the general geometric prototype problem has yet to be seriously considered by the theory community. To bridge the gap between theory and practice, we first show that a small core-set can be obtained to substantially reduce the data size. Consequently, any existing heuristic or algorithm can run on the core-set to achieve a great improvement on the efficiency. As a new application of core-set, it needs to tackle a couple of challenges particularly in theory. Finally, we test our method on both image and high dimensional clustering datasets; the experimental results remain stable even if we run the algorithms on core-sets much smaller than the original datasets, while the running times are reduced significantly.
Cite as
Hu Ding and Manni Liu. On Geometric Prototype and Applications. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 23:1-23:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{ding_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.23,
author = {Ding, Hu and Liu, Manni},
title = {{On Geometric Prototype and Applications}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {23:1--23:15},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.23},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94867},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.23},
annote = {Keywords: prototype, core-set, Wasserstein barycenter, ensemble clustering}
}
Document
Improved Bounds for Multipass Pairing Heaps and Path-Balanced Binary Search Trees
Abstract
We revisit multipass pairing heaps and path-balanced binary search trees (BSTs), two classical algorithms for data structure maintenance. The pairing heap is a simple and efficient "self-adjusting" heap, introduced in 1986 by Fredman, Sedgewick, Sleator, and Tarjan. In the multipass variant (one of the original pairing heap variants described by Fredman et al.) the minimum item is extracted via repeated pairing rounds in which neighboring siblings are linked.
Path-balanced BSTs, proposed by Sleator (cf. Subramanian, 1996), are a natural alternative to Splay trees (Sleator and Tarjan, 1983). In a path-balanced BST, whenever an item is accessed, the search path leading to that item is re-arranged into a balanced tree.
Despite their simplicity, both algorithms turned out to be difficult to analyse. Fredman et al. showed that operations in multipass pairing heaps take amortized O(log n * log log n / log log log n) time. For searching in path-balanced BSTs, Balasubramanian and Raman showed in 1995 the same amortized time bound of O(log n * log log n / log log log n), using a different argument.
In this paper we show an explicit connection between the two algorithms and improve both bounds to O(log n * 2^{log^* n} * log^* n), respectively O(log n * 2^{log^* n} * (log^* n)^2), where log^* denotes the slowly growing iterated logarithm function. These are the first improvements in more than three, resp. two decades, approaching the information-theoretic lower bound of Omega(log n).
Cite as
Dani Dorfman, Haim Kaplan, László Kozma, Seth Pettie, and Uri Zwick. Improved Bounds for Multipass Pairing Heaps and Path-Balanced Binary Search Trees. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 24:1-24:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{dorfman_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.24,
author = {Dorfman, Dani and Kaplan, Haim and Kozma, L\'{a}szl\'{o} and Pettie, Seth and Zwick, Uri},
title = {{Improved Bounds for Multipass Pairing Heaps and Path-Balanced Binary Search Trees}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {24:1--24:13},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.24},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94879},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.24},
annote = {Keywords: data structure, priority queue, pairing heap, binary search tree}
}
Document
Improved Time and Space Bounds for Dynamic Range Mode
Abstract
Given an array A of n elements, we wish to support queries for the most frequent and least frequent element in a subrange [l, r] of A. We also wish to support updates that change a particular element at index i or insert/ delete an element at index i. For the range mode problem, our data structure supports all operations in O(n^{2/3}) deterministic time using only O(n) space. This improves two results by Chan et al. [Timothy M. Chan et al., 2014]: a linear space data structure supporting update and query operations in O~(n^{3/4}) time and an O(n^{4/3}) space data structure supporting update and query operations in O~(n^{2/3}) time. For the range least frequent problem, we address two variations. In the first, we are allowed to answer with an element of A that may not appear in the query range, and in the second, the returned element must be present in the query range. For the first variation, we develop a data structure that supports queries in O~(n^{2/3}) time, updates in O(n^{2/3}) time, and occupies O(n) space. For the second variation, we develop a Monte Carlo data structure that supports queries in O(n^{2/3}) time, updates in O~(n^{2/3}) time, and occupies O~(n) space, but requires that updates are made independently of the results of previous queries. The Monte Carlo data structure is also capable of answering k-frequency queries; that is, the problem of finding an element of given frequency in the specified query range. Previously, no dynamic data structures were known for least frequent element or k-frequency queries.
Cite as
Hicham El-Zein, Meng He, J. Ian Munro, and Bryce Sandlund. Improved Time and Space Bounds for Dynamic Range Mode. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 25:1-25:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{elzein_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.25,
author = {El-Zein, Hicham and He, Meng and Munro, J. Ian and Sandlund, Bryce},
title = {{Improved Time and Space Bounds for Dynamic Range Mode}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {25:1--25:13},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.25},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94886},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.25},
annote = {Keywords: dynamic data structures, range query, range mode, range least frequent, range k-frequency}
}
Document
Online Makespan Scheduling with Job Migration on Uniform Machines
Abstract
In the classic minimum makespan scheduling problem, we are given an input sequence of n jobs with sizes. A scheduling algorithm has to assign the jobs to m parallel machines. The objective is to minimize the makespan, which is the time it takes until all jobs are processed. In this paper, we consider online scheduling algorithms without preemption. However, we allow the online algorithm to reassign up to k jobs to different machines in the final assignment.
For m identical machines, Albers and Hellwig (Algorithmica, 2017) give tight bounds on the competitive ratio in this model. The precise ratio depends on, and increases with, m. It lies between 4/3 and ~~ 1.4659. They show that k = O(m) is sufficient to achieve this bound and no k = o(n) can result in a better bound.
We study m uniform machines, i.e., machines with different speeds, and show that this setting is strictly harder. For sufficiently large m, there is a delta = Theta(1) such that, for m machines with only two different machine speeds, no online algorithm can achieve a competitive ratio of less than 1.4659 + delta with k = o(n).
We present a new algorithm for the uniform machine setting. Depending on the speeds of the machines, our scheduling algorithm achieves a competitive ratio that lies between 4/3 and ~~ 1.7992 with k = O(m). We also show that k = Omega(m) is necessary to achieve a competitive ratio below 2.
Our algorithm is based on a subtle imbalance with respect to the completion times of the machines, complemented by a bicriteria approximation algorithm that minimizes the makespan and maximizes the average completion time for certain sets of machines.
Cite as
Matthias Englert, David Mezlaf, and Matthias Westermann. Online Makespan Scheduling with Job Migration on Uniform Machines. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 26:1-26:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{englert_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.26,
author = {Englert, Matthias and Mezlaf, David and Westermann, Matthias},
title = {{Online Makespan Scheduling with Job Migration on Uniform Machines}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {26:1--26:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.26},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94890},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.26},
annote = {Keywords: online algorithms, competitive analysis, minimum makespan scheduling, job migration}
}
Document
Truthful Prompt Scheduling for Minimizing Sum of Completion Times
Abstract
We give a prompt online mechanism for minimizing the sum of [weighted] completion times. This is the first prompt online algorithm for the problem. When such jobs are strategic agents, delaying scheduling decisions makes little sense. Moreover, the mechanism has a particularly simple form of an anonymous menu of options.
Cite as
Alon Eden, Michal Feldman, Amos Fiat, and Tzahi Taub. Truthful Prompt Scheduling for Minimizing Sum of Completion Times. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 27:1-27:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{eden_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.27,
author = {Eden, Alon and Feldman, Michal and Fiat, Amos and Taub, Tzahi},
title = {{Truthful Prompt Scheduling for Minimizing Sum of Completion Times}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {27:1--27:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.27},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94905},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.27},
annote = {Keywords: Scheduling, Mechanism design, Online algorithms}
}
Document
Weighted Model Counting on the GPU by Exploiting Small Treewidth
Abstract
We propose a novel solver that efficiently finds almost the exact number of solutions of a Boolean formula (#Sat) and the weighted model count of a weighted Boolean formula (WMC) if the treewidth of the given formula is sufficiently small. The basis of our approach are dynamic programming algorithms on tree decompositions, which we engineered towards efficient parallel execution on the GPU. We provide thorough experiments and compare the runtime of our system with state-of-the-art #Sat and WMC solvers. Our results are encouraging in the sense that also complex reasoning problems can be tackled by parameterized algorithms executed on the GPU if instances have treewidth at most 30, which is the case for more than half of counting and weighted counting benchmark instances.
Cite as
Johannes K. Fichte, Markus Hecher, Stefan Woltran, and Markus Zisser. Weighted Model Counting on the GPU by Exploiting Small Treewidth. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 28:1-28:16, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{fichte_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.28,
author = {Fichte, Johannes K. and Hecher, Markus and Woltran, Stefan and Zisser, Markus},
title = {{Weighted Model Counting on the GPU by Exploiting Small Treewidth}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {28:1--28:16},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.28},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94915},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.28},
annote = {Keywords: Parameterized Algorithms, Weighted Model Counting, General Purpose Computing on Graphics Processing Units, Dynamic Programming, Tree Decompositions, Treewidth}
}
Document
Light Spanners for High Dimensional Norms via Stochastic Decompositions
Abstract
Spanners for low dimensional spaces (e.g. Euclidean space of constant dimension, or doubling metrics) are well understood. This lies in contrast to the situation in high dimensional spaces, where except for the work of Har-Peled, Indyk and Sidiropoulos (SODA 2013), who showed that any n-point Euclidean metric has an O(t)-spanner with O~(n^{1+1/t^2}) edges, little is known.
In this paper we study several aspects of spanners in high dimensional normed spaces. First, we build spanners for finite subsets of l_p with 1<p <=2. Second, our construction yields a spanner which is both sparse and also light, i.e., its total weight is not much larger than that of the minimum spanning tree. In particular, we show that any n-point subset of l_p for 1<p <=2 has an O(t)-spanner with n^{1+O~(1/t^p)} edges and lightness n^{O~(1/t^p)}.
In fact, our results are more general, and they apply to any metric space admitting a certain low diameter stochastic decomposition. It is known that arbitrary metric spaces have an O(t)-spanner with lightness O(n^{1/t}). We exhibit the following tradeoff: metrics with decomposability parameter nu=nu(t) admit an O(t)-spanner with lightness O~(nu^{1/t}). For example, n-point Euclidean metrics have nu <=n^{1/t}, metrics with doubling constant lambda have nu <=lambda, and graphs of genus g have nu <=g. While these families do admit a (1+epsilon)-spanner, its lightness depend exponentially on the dimension (resp. log g). Our construction alleviates this exponential dependency, at the cost of incurring larger stretch.
Cite as
Arnold Filtser and Ofer Neiman. Light Spanners for High Dimensional Norms via Stochastic Decompositions. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 29:1-29:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{filtser_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.29,
author = {Filtser, Arnold and Neiman, Ofer},
title = {{Light Spanners for High Dimensional Norms via Stochastic Decompositions}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {29:1--29:15},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.29},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94922},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.29},
annote = {Keywords: Spanners, Stochastic Decompositions, High Dimensional Euclidean Space, Doubling Dimension, Genus Graphs}
}
Document
On the Tractability of Optimization Problems on H-Graphs
Abstract
For a graph H, a graph G is an H-graph if it is an intersection graph of connected subgraphs of some subdivision of H. These graphs naturally generalize several important graph classes like interval graphs or circular-arc graph. This notion was introduced in the early 1990s by Biro, Hujter, and Tuza. Recently, Chaplick et al. initiated the algorithmic study of H-graphs by showing that a number of fundamental optimization problems like Clique, Independent Set, or Dominating Set are solvable in polynomial time on H-graphs. We extend and complement these algorithmic findings in several directions.
First we show that for every fixed H, the class of H-graphs is of logarithmically-bounded boolean-width. We also prove that H-graphs are graphs with polynomially many minimal separators. Pipelined with the plethora of known algorithms on graphs of bounded boolean-width and graphs with polynomially many minimal separators, this describes a large class of optimization problems that are solvable in polynomial time on H-graphs.
The most fundamental optimization problems among those solvable in polynomial time on H-graphs are Clique, Independent Set, and Dominating Set. We provide a more refined complexity analysis of these problems from the perspective of parameterized complexity. We show that Independent Set and Dominating Set are W[1]-hard being parameterized by the size of H plus the size of the solution. On the other hand, we prove that when H is a tree, Dominating Set is fixed-parameter tractable (FPT) parameterized by the size of H. Besides, we show that Clique admits a polynomial kernel parameterized by H and the solution size.
Cite as
Fedor V. Fomin, Petr A. Golovach, and Jean-Florent Raymond. On the Tractability of Optimization Problems on H-Graphs. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 30:1-30:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{fomin_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.30,
author = {Fomin, Fedor V. and Golovach, Petr A. and Raymond, Jean-Florent},
title = {{On the Tractability of Optimization Problems on H-Graphs}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {30:1--30:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.30},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94930},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.30},
annote = {Keywords: H-topological intersection graphs, parameterized complexity, minimal separators, boolean-width, mim-width}
}
Document
On the Optimality of Pseudo-polynomial Algorithms for Integer Programming
Abstract
In the classic Integer Programming (IP) problem, the objective is to decide whether, for a given m x n matrix A and an m-vector b=(b_1,..., b_m), there is a non-negative integer n-vector x such that Ax=b. Solving (IP) is an important step in numerous algorithms and it is important to obtain an understanding of the precise complexity of this problem as a function of natural parameters of the input.
The classic pseudo-polynomial time algorithm of Papadimitriou [J. ACM 1981] for instances of (IP) with a constant number of constraints was only recently improved upon by Eisenbrand and Weismantel [SODA 2018] and Jansen and Rohwedder [ArXiv 2018]. We continue this line of work and show that under the Exponential Time Hypothesis (ETH), the algorithm of Jansen and Rohwedder is nearly optimal. We also show that when the matrix A is assumed to be non-negative, a component of Papadimitriou's original algorithm is already nearly optimal under ETH.
This motivates us to pick up the line of research initiated by Cunningham and Geelen [IPCO 2007] who studied the complexity of solving (IP) with non-negative matrices in which the number of constraints may be unbounded, but the branch-width of the column-matroid corresponding to the constraint matrix is a constant. We prove a lower bound on the complexity of solving (IP) for such instances and obtain optimal results with respect to a closely related parameter, path-width. Specifically, we prove matching upper and lower bounds for (IP) when the path-width of the corresponding column-matroid is a constant.
Cite as
Fedor V. Fomin, Fahad Panolan, M. S. Ramanujan, and Saket Saurabh. On the Optimality of Pseudo-polynomial Algorithms for Integer Programming. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 31:1-31:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{fomin_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.31,
author = {Fomin, Fedor V. and Panolan, Fahad and Ramanujan, M. S. and Saurabh, Saket},
title = {{On the Optimality of Pseudo-polynomial Algorithms for Integer Programming}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {31:1--31:13},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.31},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94949},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.31},
annote = {Keywords: Integer Programming, Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis, Branch-width of a matrix, Fine-grained Complexity}
}
Document
Symmetry Exploitation for Online Machine Covering with Bounded Migration
Abstract
Online models that allow recourse are highly effective in situations where classical models are too pessimistic. One such problem is the online machine covering problem on identical machines. In this setting, jobs arrive one by one and must be assigned to machines with the objective of maximizing the minimum machine load. When a job arrives, we are allowed to reassign some jobs as long as their total size is (at most) proportional to the processing time of the arriving job. The proportionality constant is called the migration factor of the algorithm.
By rounding the processing times, which yields useful structural properties for online packing and covering problems, we design first a simple (1.7 + epsilon)-competitive algorithm using a migration factor of O(1/epsilon) which maintains at every arrival a locally optimal solution with respect to the Jump neighborhood. After that, we present as our main contribution a more involved (4/3+epsilon)-competitive algorithm using a migration factor of O~(1/epsilon^3). At every arrival, we run an adaptation of the Largest Processing Time first (LPT) algorithm. Since the new job can cause a complete change of the assignment of smaller jobs in both cases, a low migration factor is achieved by carefully exploiting the highly symmetric structure obtained by the rounding procedure.
Cite as
Waldo Gálvez, José A. Soto, and José Verschae. Symmetry Exploitation for Online Machine Covering with Bounded Migration. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 32:1-32:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{galvez_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.32,
author = {G\'{a}lvez, Waldo and Soto, Jos\'{e} A. and Verschae, Jos\'{e}},
title = {{Symmetry Exploitation for Online Machine Covering with Bounded Migration}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {32:1--32:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.32},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94959},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.32},
annote = {Keywords: Machine Covering, Bounded Migration, Online, Scheduling, LPT}
}
Document
Edit Distance with Block Operations
Abstract
We consider the problem of edit distance in which block operations are allowed, i.e. we ask for the minimal number of (block) operations that are needed to transform a string s to t. We give O(log n) approximation algorithms, where n is the total length of the input strings, for the variants of the problem which allow the following sets of operations: block move; block move and block delete; block move and block copy; block move, block copy, and block uncopy. The results still hold if we additionally allow any of the following operations: character insert, character delete, block reversal, or block involution (involution is a generalisation of the reversal). Previously, algorithms only for the first and last variant were known, and they had approximation ratios O(log n log^*n) and O(log n (log^*n)^2), respectively. The edit distance with block moves is equivalent, up to a constant factor, to the common string partition problem, in which we are given two strings s, t and the goal is to partition s into minimal number of parts such that they can be permuted in order to obtain t. Thus we also obtain an O(log n) approximation for this problem (compared to the previous O(log n log^* n)).
The results use a simplification of the previously used technique of locally consistent parsing, which groups short substrings of a string into phrases so that similar substrings are guaranteed to be grouped in a similar way. Instead of a sophisticated parsing technique relying on a deterministic coin tossing, we use a simple one based on a partition of the alphabet into two subalphabets. In particular, this lowers the running time from O(n log^* n) to O(n). The new algorithms (for block copy or block delete) use a similar algorithm, but the analysis is based on a specially tuned combinatorial function on sets of numbers.
Cite as
Michal Ganczorz, Pawel Gawrychowski, Artur Jez, and Tomasz Kociumaka. Edit Distance with Block Operations. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 33:1-33:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{ganczorz_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.33,
author = {Ganczorz, Michal and Gawrychowski, Pawel and Jez, Artur and Kociumaka, Tomasz},
title = {{Edit Distance with Block Operations}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {33:1--33:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.33},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94963},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.33},
annote = {Keywords: Edit distance, Block operations, Common string partition}
}
Document
A QPTAS for Gapless MEC
Abstract
We consider the problem Minimum Error Correction (MEC). A MEC instance is an n x m matrix M with entries from {0,1,-}. Feasible solutions are composed of two binary m-bit strings, together with an assignment of each row of M to one of the two strings. The objective is to minimize the number of mismatches (errors) where the row has a value that differs from the assigned solution string. The symbol "-" is a wildcard that matches both 0 and 1. A MEC instance is gapless, if in each row of M all binary entries are consecutive.
Gapless-MEC is a relevant problem in computational biology, and it is closely related to segmentation problems that were introduced by {[}Kleinberg-Papadimitriou-Raghavan STOC'98{]} in the context of data mining.
Without restrictions, it is known to be UG-hard to compute an O(1)-approximate solution to MEC. For both MEC and Gapless-MEC, the best polynomial time approximation algorithm has a logarithmic performance guarantee. We partially settle the approximation status of Gapless-MEC by providing a quasi-polynomial time approximation scheme (QPTAS). Additionally, for the relevant case where the binary part of a row is not contained in the binary part of another row, we provide a polynomial time approximation scheme (PTAS).
Cite as
Shilpa Garg and Tobias Mömke. A QPTAS for Gapless MEC. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 34:1-34:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{garg_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.34,
author = {Garg, Shilpa and M\"{o}mke, Tobias},
title = {{A QPTAS for Gapless MEC}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {34:1--34:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.34},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94978},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.34},
annote = {Keywords: approximation algorithms, QPTAS, minimum error correction, segmentation, computational biology}
}
Document
FPT Algorithms for Embedding into Low Complexity Graphic Metrics
Abstract
The Metric Embedding problem takes as input two metric spaces (X,D_X) and (Y,D_Y), and a positive integer d. The objective is to determine whether there is an embedding F:X - > Y such that the distortion d_{F} <= d. Such an embedding is called a distortion d embedding. In parameterized complexity, the Metric Embedding problem is known to be W-hard and therefore, not expected to have an FPT algorithm. In this paper, we consider the Gen-Graph Metric Embedding problem, where the two metric spaces are graph metrics. We explore the extent of tractability of the problem in the parameterized complexity setting. We determine whether an unweighted graph metric (G,D_G) can be embedded, or bijectively embedded, into another unweighted graph metric (H,D_H), where the graph H has low structural complexity. For example, H is a cycle, or H has bounded treewidth or bounded connected treewidth. The parameters for the algorithms are chosen from the upper bound d on distortion, bound Delta on the maximum degree of H, treewidth alpha of H, and the connected treewidth alpha_{c} of H.
Our general approach to these problems can be summarized as trying to understand the behavior of the shortest paths in G under a low distortion embedding into H, and the structural relation the mapping of these paths has to shortest paths in H.
Cite as
Arijit Ghosh, Sudeshna Kolay, and Gopinath Mishra. FPT Algorithms for Embedding into Low Complexity Graphic Metrics. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 35:1-35:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{ghosh_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.35,
author = {Ghosh, Arijit and Kolay, Sudeshna and Mishra, Gopinath},
title = {{FPT Algorithms for Embedding into Low Complexity Graphic Metrics}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {35:1--35:13},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.35},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94988},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.35},
annote = {Keywords: Metric spaces, metric embedding, FPT, dynamic programming}
}
Document
The Stochastic Score Classification Problem
Abstract
Consider the following Stochastic Score Classification Problem. A doctor is assessing a patient's risk of developing a certain disease, and can perform n tests on the patient. Each test has a binary outcome, positive or negative. A positive result is an indication of risk, and a patient's score is the total number of positive test results. Test results are accurate. The doctor needs to classify the patient into one of B risk classes, depending on the score (e.g., LOW, MEDIUM, and HIGH risk). Each of these classes corresponds to a contiguous range of scores. Test i has probability p_i of being positive, and it costs c_i to perform. To reduce costs, instead of performing all tests, the doctor will perform them sequentially and stop testing when it is possible to determine the patient's risk category. The problem is to determine the order in which the doctor should perform the tests, so as to minimize expected testing cost. We provide approximation algorithms for adaptive and non-adaptive versions of this problem, and pose a number of open questions.
Cite as
Dimitrios Gkenosis, Nathaniel Grammel, Lisa Hellerstein, and Devorah Kletenik. The Stochastic Score Classification Problem. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 36:1-36:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{gkenosis_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.36,
author = {Gkenosis, Dimitrios and Grammel, Nathaniel and Hellerstein, Lisa and Kletenik, Devorah},
title = {{The Stochastic Score Classification Problem}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {36:1--36:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.36},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-94990},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.36},
annote = {Keywords: approximation algorithms, symmetric Boolean functions, stochastic probing, sequential testing, adaptivity}
}
Document
Improved Space-Time Tradeoffs for kSUM
Abstract
In the kSUM problem we are given an array of numbers a_1,a_2,...,a_n and we are required to determine if there are k different elements in this array such that their sum is 0. This problem is a parameterized version of the well-studied SUBSET-SUM problem, and a special case is the 3SUM problem that is extensively used for proving conditional hardness. Several works investigated the interplay between time and space in the context of SUBSET-SUM. Recently, improved time-space tradeoffs were proven for kSUM using both randomized and deterministic algorithms.
In this paper we obtain an improvement over the best known results for the time-space tradeoff for kSUM. A major ingredient in achieving these results is a general self-reduction from kSUM to mSUM where m<k, and several useful observations that enable this reduction and its implications. The main results we prove in this paper include the following: (i) The best known Las Vegas solution to kSUM running in approximately O(n^{k-delta sqrt{2k}}) time and using O(n^{delta}) space, for 0 <= delta <= 1. (ii) The best known deterministic solution to kSUM running in approximately O(n^{k-delta sqrt{k}}) time and using O(n^{delta}) space, for 0 <= delta <= 1. (iii) A space-time tradeoff for solving kSUM using O(n^{delta}) space, for delta>1. (iv) An algorithm for 6SUM running in O(n^4) time using just O(n^{2/3}) space. (v) A solution to 3SUM on random input using O(n^2) time and O(n^{1/3}) space, under the assumption of a random read-only access to random bits.
Cite as
Isaac Goldstein, Moshe Lewenstein, and Ely Porat. Improved Space-Time Tradeoffs for kSUM. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 37:1-37:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{goldstein_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.37,
author = {Goldstein, Isaac and Lewenstein, Moshe and Porat, Ely},
title = {{Improved Space-Time Tradeoffs for kSUM}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {37:1--37:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.37},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-95000},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.37},
annote = {Keywords: kSUM, space-time tradeoff, self-reduction}
}
Document
Dynamic Trees with Almost-Optimal Access Cost
Abstract
An optimal binary search tree for an access sequence on elements is a static tree that minimizes the total search cost. Constructing perfectly optimal binary search trees is expensive so the most efficient algorithms construct almost optimal search trees. There exists a long literature of constructing almost optimal search trees dynamically, i.e., when the access pattern is not known in advance. All of these trees, e.g., splay trees and treaps, provide a multiplicative approximation to the optimal search cost.
In this paper we show how to maintain an almost optimal weighted binary search tree under access operations and insertions of new elements where the approximation is an additive constant. More technically, we maintain a tree in which the depth of the leaf holding an element e_i does not exceed min(log(W/w_i),log n)+O(1) where w_i is the number of times e_i was accessed and W is the total length of the access sequence.
Our techniques can also be used to encode a sequence of m symbols with a dynamic alphabetic code in O(m) time so that the encoding length is bounded by m(H+O(1)), where H is the entropy of the sequence. This is the first efficient algorithm for adaptive alphabetic coding that runs in constant time per symbol.
Cite as
Mordecai Golin, John Iacono, Stefan Langerman, J. Ian Munro, and Yakov Nekrich. Dynamic Trees with Almost-Optimal Access Cost. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 38:1-38:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{golin_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.38,
author = {Golin, Mordecai and Iacono, John and Langerman, Stefan and Munro, J. Ian and Nekrich, Yakov},
title = {{Dynamic Trees with Almost-Optimal Access Cost}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {38:1--38:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.38},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-95017},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.38},
annote = {Keywords: Data Structures, Binary Search Trees, Adaptive Alphabetic Coding}
}
Document
A Tree Structure For Dynamic Facility Location
Abstract
We study the metric facility location problem with client insertions and deletions. This setting differs from the classic dynamic facility location problem, where the set of clients remains the same, but the metric space can change over time. We show a deterministic algorithm that maintains a constant factor approximation to the optimal solution in worst-case time O~(2^{O(kappa^2)}) per client insertion or deletion in metric spaces while answering queries about the cost in O(1) time, where kappa denotes the doubling dimension of the metric. For metric spaces with bounded doubling dimension, the update time is polylogarithmic in the parameters of the problem.
Cite as
Gramoz Goranci, Monika Henzinger, and Dariusz Leniowski. A Tree Structure For Dynamic Facility Location. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 39:1-39:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{goranci_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.39,
author = {Goranci, Gramoz and Henzinger, Monika and Leniowski, Dariusz},
title = {{A Tree Structure For Dynamic Facility Location}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {39:1--39:13},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.39},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-95026},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.39},
annote = {Keywords: facility location, dynamic algorithm, approximation, doubling dimension}
}
Document
Dynamic Effective Resistances and Approximate Schur Complement on Separable Graphs
Abstract
We consider the problem of dynamically maintaining (approximate) all-pairs effective resistances in separable graphs, which are those that admit an n^{c}-separator theorem for some c<1. We give a fully dynamic algorithm that maintains (1+epsilon)-approximations of the all-pairs effective resistances of an n-vertex graph G undergoing edge insertions and deletions with O~(sqrt{n}/epsilon^2) worst-case update time and O~(sqrt{n}/epsilon^2) worst-case query time, if G is guaranteed to be sqrt{n}-separable (i.e., it is taken from a class satisfying a sqrt{n}-separator theorem) and its separator can be computed in O~(n) time. Our algorithm is built upon a dynamic algorithm for maintaining approximate Schur complement that approximately preserves pairwise effective resistances among a set of terminals for separable graphs, which might be of independent interest.
We complement our result by proving that for any two fixed vertices s and t, no incremental or decremental algorithm can maintain the s-t effective resistance for sqrt{n}-separable graphs with worst-case update time O(n^{1/2-delta}) and query time O(n^{1-delta}) for any delta>0, unless the Online Matrix Vector Multiplication (OMv) conjecture is false.
We further show that for general graphs, no incremental or decremental algorithm can maintain the s-t effective resistance problem with worst-case update time O(n^{1-delta}) and query-time O(n^{2-delta}) for any delta >0, unless the OMv conjecture is false.
Cite as
Gramoz Goranci, Monika Henzinger, and Pan Peng. Dynamic Effective Resistances and Approximate Schur Complement on Separable Graphs. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 40:1-40:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{goranci_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.40,
author = {Goranci, Gramoz and Henzinger, Monika and Peng, Pan},
title = {{Dynamic Effective Resistances and Approximate Schur Complement on Separable Graphs}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {40:1--40:15},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.40},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-95036},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.40},
annote = {Keywords: Dynamic graph algorithms, effective resistance, separable graphs, Schur complement, conditional lower bounds}
}
Document
Buffered Count-Min Sketch on SSD: Theory and Experiments
Abstract
Frequency estimation data structures such as the count-min sketch (CMS) have found numerous applications in databases, networking, computational biology and other domains. Many applications that use the count-min sketch process massive and rapidly evolving data sets. For data-intensive applications that aim to keep the overestimate error low, the count-min sketch becomes too large to store in available RAM and may have to migrate to external storage (e.g., SSD.) Due to the random-read/write nature of hash operations of the count-min sketch, simply placing it on SSD stifles the performance of time-critical applications, requiring about 4-6 random reads/writes to SSD per estimate (lookup) and update (insert) operation.
In this paper, we expand on the preliminary idea of the buffered count-min sketch (BCMS) {[Eydi et al., 2017]}, an SSD variant of the count-min sketch, that uses hash localization to scale efficiently out of RAM while keeping the total error bounded. We describe the design and implementation of the buffered count-min sketch, and empirically show that our implementation achieves 3.7 x-4.7 x speedup on update and 4.3 x speedup on estimate operations compared to the traditional count-min sketch on SSD.
Our design also offers an asymptotic improvement in the external-memory model over the original data structure: r random I/Os are reduced to 1 I/O for the estimate operation. For a data structure that uses k blocks on SSD, w as the word/counter size, r as the number of rows, M as the number of bits in the main memory, our data structure uses kwr/M amortized I/Os for updates, or, if kwr/M > 1, 1 I/O in the worst case. In typical scenarios, kwr/M is much smaller than 1. This is in contrast to O(r) I/Os incurred for each update in the original data structure.
Lastly, we mathematically show that for the buffered count-min sketch, the error rate does not substantially degrade over the traditional count-min sketch. Specifically, we prove that for any query q, our data structure provides the guarantee: Pr[Error(q) >= n epsilon (1+o(1))] <= delta + o(1), which, up to o(1) terms, is the same guarantee as that of a traditional count-min sketch.
Cite as
Mayank Goswami, Dzejla Medjedovic, Emina Mekic, and Prashant Pandey. Buffered Count-Min Sketch on SSD: Theory and Experiments. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 41:1-41:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{goswami_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.41,
author = {Goswami, Mayank and Medjedovic, Dzejla and Mekic, Emina and Pandey, Prashant},
title = {{Buffered Count-Min Sketch on SSD: Theory and Experiments}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {41:1--41:15},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.41},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-95042},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.41},
annote = {Keywords: Streaming model, Count-min sketch, Counting, Frequency, External memory, I/O efficiency, Bloom filter, Counting filter, Quotient filter}
}
Document
Scalable Katz Ranking Computation in Large Static and Dynamic Graphs
Abstract
Network analysis defines a number of centrality measures to identify the most central nodes in a network. Fast computation of those measures is a major challenge in algorithmic network analysis. Aside from closeness and betweenness, Katz centrality is one of the established centrality measures. In this paper, we consider the problem of computing rankings for Katz centrality. In particular, we propose upper and lower bounds on the Katz score of a given node. While previous approaches relied on numerical approximation or heuristics to compute Katz centrality rankings, we construct an algorithm that iteratively improves those upper and lower bounds until a correct Katz ranking is obtained. We extend our algorithm to dynamic graphs while maintaining its correctness guarantees. Experiments demonstrate that our static graph algorithm outperforms both numerical approaches and heuristics with speedups between 1.5 x and 3.5 x, depending on the desired quality guarantees. Our dynamic graph algorithm improves upon the static algorithm for update batches of less than 10000 edges. We provide efficient parallel CPU and GPU implementations of our algorithms that enable near real-time Katz centrality computation for graphs with hundreds of millions of nodes in fractions of seconds.
Cite as
Alexander van der Grinten, Elisabetta Bergamini, Oded Green, David A. Bader, and Henning Meyerhenke. Scalable Katz Ranking Computation in Large Static and Dynamic Graphs. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 42:1-42:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{vandergrinten_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.42,
author = {van der Grinten, Alexander and Bergamini, Elisabetta and Green, Oded and Bader, David A. and Meyerhenke, Henning},
title = {{Scalable Katz Ranking Computation in Large Static and Dynamic Graphs}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {42:1--42:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.42},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-95055},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.42},
annote = {Keywords: network analysis, Katz centrality, top-k ranking, dynamic graphs, parallel algorithms}
}
Document
Round-Hashing for Data Storage: Distributed Servers and External-Memory Tables
Abstract
This paper proposes round-hashing, which is suitable for data storage on distributed servers and for implementing external-memory tables in which each lookup retrieves at most one single block of external memory, using a stash. For data storage, round-hashing is like consistent hashing as it avoids a full rehashing of the keys when new servers are added. Experiments show that the speed to serve requests is tenfold or more than the state of the art. In distributed data storage, this guarantees better throughput for serving requests and, moreover, greatly reduces decision times for which data should move to new servers as rescanning data is much faster.
Cite as
Roberto Grossi and Luca Versari. Round-Hashing for Data Storage: Distributed Servers and External-Memory Tables. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 43:1-43:14, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{grossi_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.43,
author = {Grossi, Roberto and Versari, Luca},
title = {{Round-Hashing for Data Storage: Distributed Servers and External-Memory Tables}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {43:1--43:14},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.43},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-95062},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.43},
annote = {Keywords: consistent hashing, external memory, hash tables}
}
Document
Algorithmic Building Blocks for Asymmetric Memories
Abstract
The future of main memory appears to lie in the direction of new non-volatile memory technologies that provide strong capacity-to-performance ratios, but have write operations that are much more expensive than reads in terms of energy, bandwidth, and latency. This asymmetry can have a significant effect on algorithm design, and in many cases it is possible to reduce writes at the cost of more reads. This paper studies which algorithmic techniques are useful in designing practical write-efficient algorithms. We focus on several fundamental algorithmic building blocks including unordered set/map implemented using hash tables, comparison sort, and graph traversal algorithms including breadth-first search and Dijkstra's algorithm. We introduce new algorithms and implementations that can reduce writes, and analyze the performance experimentally using a software simulator. Finally, we summarize interesting lessons and directions in designing write-efficient algorithms that can be valuable to share.
Cite as
Yan Gu, Yihan Sun, and Guy E. Blelloch. Algorithmic Building Blocks for Asymmetric Memories. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 44:1-44:15, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{gu_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.44,
author = {Gu, Yan and Sun, Yihan and Blelloch, Guy E.},
title = {{Algorithmic Building Blocks for Asymmetric Memories}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {44:1--44:15},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.44},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-95070},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.44},
annote = {Keywords: Asymmetric Memory, I/O Cost, Write-Efficient Algorithms, Hash Tables, Graph-Traversal Algorithms}
}
Document
On the Decision Tree Complexity of String Matching
Abstract
String matching is one of the most fundamental problems in computer science. A natural problem is to determine the number of characters that need to be queried (i.e. the decision tree complexity) in a string in order to decide whether this string contains a certain pattern. Rivest showed that for every pattern p, in the worst case any deterministic algorithm needs to query at least n-|p|+1 characters, where n is the length of the string and |p| is the length of the pattern. He further conjectured that this bound is tight. By using the adversary method, Tuza disproved this conjecture and showed that more than one half of binary patterns are evasive, i.e. any algorithm needs to query all the characters (see Section 1.1 for more details).
In this paper, we give a query algorithm which settles the decision tree complexity of string matching except for a negligible fraction of patterns. Our algorithm shows that Tuza's criteria of evasive patterns are almost complete. Using the algebraic approach of Rivest and Vuillemin, we also give a new sufficient condition for the evasiveness of patterns, which is beyond Tuza's criteria. In addition, our result reveals an interesting connection to Skolem's Problem in mathematics.
Cite as
Xiaoyu He, Neng Huang, and Xiaoming Sun. On the Decision Tree Complexity of String Matching. In 26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018). Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs), Volume 112, pp. 45:1-45:13, Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2018)
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@InProceedings{he_et_al:LIPIcs.ESA.2018.45,
author = {He, Xiaoyu and Huang, Neng and Sun, Xiaoming},
title = {{On the Decision Tree Complexity of String Matching}},
booktitle = {26th Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA 2018)},
pages = {45:1--45:13},
series = {Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics (LIPIcs)},
ISBN = {978-3-95977-081-1},
ISSN = {1868-8969},
year = {2018},
volume = {112},
editor = {Azar, Yossi and Bast, Hannah and Herman, Grzegorz},
publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl -- Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"u}r Informatik},
address = {Dagstuhl, Germany},
URL = {https://drops.dagstuhl.de/entities/document/10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.45},
URN = {urn:nbn:de:0030-drops-95082},
doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.ESA.2018.45},
annote = {Keywords: String Matching, Decision Tree Complexity, Boolean Function, Algebraic Method}
}
Document
Decremental SPQR-trees for Planar Graphs
Abstract
We present a decremental data structure for maintaining the SPQR-tree of a planar graph subject to edge contractions and deletions. The update time, amortized over Omega(n) operations, is O(log^2 n). Via SPQR-trees, we give a decremental data structure for maintaining 3-vertex connectivity in planar graphs. It answers queries in O(1) time and processes edge deletions and contractions in O(log^2 n) amortized time. The previous best supported deletions and insertions in O(sqrt{n}) time.